论莎士比亚《亨利四世》(上下篇)中哈利王子的学徒生涯  

The Making of an Ideal Ruler:On Shakespeare's Treatment of Prince Hal's Apprenticeship

作　　者：沈弘 Shen Hong(Peking University;School of International Studies,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学 [2]浙江大学外语学院

出　　处：《中世纪与文艺复兴研究》2019年第1期219-228,共10页Medieval and Renaissance Studies

摘　　要：亨利五世是莎士比亚历史剧中塑造最成功的君王形象,他率领英军在阿金库尔击败了强大的法国军队,成为英国人心目中伟大的民族英雄。然而,在《亨利四世》(上下篇)中,这位未来的理想君王却有着一段不甚光彩的学徒生涯。年轻的哈利王子并未在王宫中接受正规的贵族教育,而老是在贫民区跟以福斯塔夫为首的一帮流氓无赖在一起鬼混。但他却在镇压叛军战场上的决战时刻杀敌制胜,一飞冲天,顿时成了一个正面人物形象。剧中主人公这种戏剧性变化不禁使读者感到纳闷:一个整天无所事事,被所有人都视作没出息的小混混究竟如何能华丽转身,变成了被众人称颂的大英雄?本文拟通过具体的文本分析,来揭示出这一复杂人物性格的内在发展逻辑。莎士比亚对于哈利王子的性格刻画契合了马基雅维利关于理想君王需兼备狐狸和狮子特征的理论。剧中狐狸的形象是福斯塔夫,而狮子形象则是霍茨波。The image of Henry the Fifth is one of Shakespeare's most successful dramatic creations.As the first English monarch who is able to defeat the powerful French army and become the king of both England and France,Henry V has made himself the figure of a great national hero.Nevertheless,in the two parts of Henry the Fourth,Shakespeare describes in detail Prince Hal's supposed riotous youth,which is a very peculiar way of apprenticeship to his future kingship.The young prince does not receive his formal education within the court,but instead spends a lot of time mixing with the vainglorious Falstaff and other rascals and pickpockets in the East End of London.His miraculous transcendence into a great hero on the battlefield raises questions on how such an indolent youth can become an outstanding hero in such a short time.The author of this paper has the opinion that Shakespeare has deliberately modeled his Prince Hal on Machiavelli's idea that a good prince should learn from two animals:the fox and the lion,because the fox can protect itself from traps,and the lion can protect itself from the wolves.In Henry the Fourth,the fox figure is undoubtedly Falstaff,and the lion figure should be none other than the firebrand Hotspur.Prince Hal has learned his cunning from the former,and battle courage from the latter.These two qualities combined together will accomplish the national hero,Henry the Fifth.

关 键 词：哈利王子 福斯塔夫 学徒生涯 马基雅维利 狮子 狐狸 

分 类 号：G62[文化科学—教育学]