《左传》《庄子》的无标记被动  

Unmarked Passives in Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi

作　　者：蒋绍愚[1] JIANG Shaoyu(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第3期317-341,共25页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文根据《左传》《庄子》的语料,对先秦的无标记被动作了分析。在先秦,及物动词通常是要带宾语的,不带宾语有比较严格的限制,即限于如下10种情况:1)连动共宾;2)“自/相”+Vt;3)“不”+Vt;4)“可/宜”+Vt;5)动词表类;6)动词指称化;7)动词表被动;8)宾语省略;9)综合性动词;10)其他。在这几种情况以外,如果一个及物动词后面没有宾语,而前面的名词或名词词组是这个动词的受动者,则这个动词就是无标记被动。无标记被动可以用“N+Vt+Φ”来表示。“N+Vt+于+N”是由“于”引进动作的施动者,使被动意义更加明显,但“于”不是被动标记。无标记被动也可以出现在下列句法位置上:1)用作使动;2)用作定语;3)无标记被动+“者”;4)单独成句;5)用作指称。无标记被动应与受事话题句区分开,受事话题句的述题实际上是一个具备主语和谓语的小句,这个谓语是表主动的。无标记被动应与作格动词区分开,无标记被动是表动作的,作格动词是表状态的。可以用作无标记被动的动词有一个大致范围:1)必须是及物动词;2)在动词的四种情状类型中,状态类的没有动态性、不能表被动,活动类的较少,达成类和瞬成类的动词较多;3)动词的语义是让受动者受损或不愉快的。从先秦到《史记》,无标记被动的大致情况没有变,但动词不带宾语而表主动的情况,在《史记》中增加了。Although there are passives marked by passive markers like wei(为)and jian(见)in pre-Qin Chinese,passives without passive markers can also be found in the language.This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of such unmarked passives in Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.Examples found in Shiji are also taken into consideration.It is shown that unmarked passive structures can be formed by a patient NP followed by a transitive verb without taking an object.In addition to the“NP_(Patient)+Vt”structure,an unmarked passive can also take the form of“NP_(Patient)+Vt+yu(于)+NP_(Agent)”in which yu(于)introduces the agent of the action.The unmarked passives have various syntactic functions:they can be used as causative constructions,as attributives,as modifiers in the“unmarked passive+zhe(者)”structure,as independent clauses as well as as referring expressions.It is argued that unmarked passives should be distinguished from the patient-as-topic structures in which the comment is formed by a subject-predicate structure.In the patient-as-topic structure,the verb is not passive,but active.Therefore,the structure is not used to express the passive meaning.This paper also discusses what kind of verbs can be used in unmarked passives.It is found accomplishment and achievement verbs are preferred to action verbs.In the end,this paper discusses the data involving transitive verbs taking no object in Shiji,and shows that although there is no basic difference between the pre-Qin data and those in Shiji in terms of the pattern of unmarked passives,more examples taking the form of“NP+Vt”are found to be used to express active rather than passive meaning in Shiji.

关 键 词：无标记被动 及物动词不带宾语 受事话题句 情状类型 

分 类 号：H141[语言文字—汉语]