生命伦理学道德地位的理论进路  

Theoretical Approaches to the Moral Status of Bioethics

作　　者：陈化[1,2,3] 马永慧 Chen Hua;Ma Yonghui

机构地区：[1]南方医科大学马克思主义学院 [2]广东省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心南方医科大学研究基地 [3]南方医科大学珠江医院伦理办公室,广东广州510515 [4]厦门大学医学院生命伦理学研究中心,福建厦门361000

出　　处：《中州学刊》2023年第7期112-120,共9页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据时代生物样本库的哲学研究”(19ZDA039)。

摘　　要：道德地位是生命伦理学领域的重要范畴,是人类道德觉醒和社会发展的客观诉求。它遭遇了“概念无用论”和“分层不合理”两种观点的挑战,为此必须澄清诸种理论进路。经典的道德地位进路主张人类属性具有规范意义或道德相关性,人的道德地位植根于其内在价值,但遭受自然主义谬误和非必然性的诘难。能力进路修正和拓展了人类属性观点,融入动物属性特质,细分为理性能力和感知能力两种情形;但以感知能力否定给予胎儿道德关怀,以理性能力拒绝赋予脑损伤者等以道德地位,忽略了物种多样性和链接纽带。关系进路则主张将道德地位纳入与他者“相互证明自身行为正当性”的关系中,并将其作为道德地位的唯一因素,难以解释生命权利的发生。利益进路将利益作为唯一条件,将利益差异作为道德地位的区别,但存在利益的计算、权力和利益转换难题。或许,生命共同体的道德地位进路是一种可能的出路。Moral status is an important concept in the field of bioethics,and the objective appeal of human moral awakening and social development.It has encountered the challenges of “uselessness argument” and “unreasonable stratification”,which require us to clarify various theoretical approaches.The classical approach to moral status claims that human attributes have normative significance and moral relevance,and that human moral status is rooted in its intrinsic value,which is challenged by naturalistic fallacy and non-necessity accusation.The capacity approach modifies and expands the human attributes approach,and incorporates the characteristics of animal attributes,specifically divided into capacity of rationality and capacity of sentience,which denies the moral consideration of the fetus for the absence of sentience,rejects to provide the mental disabilities with moral status,and ignores species diversity and correlations.The relationship approach advocates that moral status should be included in the relationship of “mutual justification of one's own behavior” with others,and consider it as the only essential of moral status,which makes it difficult to explain the occurrence of the right to life.The interest approach regards interest as the only condition and equals the difference of interests as the difference of moral status.However,it faces the difficulties in the calculation of interests and the problem of rights and interests conversion.To a certain extent,the life community as an approach to moral status is a possible solution.

关 键 词：生命伦理学 道德地位 人类属性 能力进路 利益进路 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]