当代道德规范性研究与人工智能伦理设计  

Contemporary Research on Moral Normativity and the Ethical Design of Artificial Intelligence

作　　者：李亚明 Li Yaming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《哲学动态》2023年第5期105-114,128,共11页Philosophical Trends

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据驱动下的生命科学研究范式变革研究”(编号22&ZD045)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：功利主义、直觉主义以及道义论是当前用于指导人工智能系统道德抉择的主要理论资源。然而,以上理论的应用均遭遇了困境。在道德哲学的历史上,正是类似的困境曾导致规范伦理学的衰落。当代规范性研究中的康德式理论对相关理论困难均给出充分回应,有力推动了规范伦理学的复兴,也有望为人工智能系统的伦理设计提供更为恰当的理论基础。康德式理论具有共同的核心观点和思想方法,保证了由这类理论所构建的伦理原则可以具有一致性和实践可操作性。格沃斯和斯坎伦是当代康德式理论的重要代表人物。本文通过比较和分析两者对道德义务的论证,尝试确立三个基本的伦理原则,即不侵犯原则、平等原则和援助原则。三个原则对任何道德主体间最基本的道德义务给出了清晰阐释,也能够对人工智能系统的伦理设计给出明确指导。In the development and application of various kinds of artificial intelligence,it becomes clear that the systems may face certain occasions in which they will be in positions to make significant moral decisions.It is incumbent on us to establish appropriate ethical standards for artificial intelligence and to develop algorithms that can fully implement them.There are many effective approaches to ensure that they follow certain ethical norms,such as“responsible innovation”and“value-sensitive design”.These methods can,to a large extent,ensure the realization of the embedded ethical norms.First and foremost,however,we must decide which ethical norms should be embedded in artificial intelligence,but as yet there are no satisfying answers.Utilitarianism,intuitionism,and deontology are the main ethical resources for the moral designs of artificial intelligence.However,their realization runs into difficulties.In the middle of the 2Oth century,the same dilemma played a major role in the decline of normative ethics.The Kantianism that was an important part of contemporary research in moral normativity positively responded to those difficulties,and it effectively revitalized normative ethics.Today,it may also provide a more sufficient theoretical foundation for the ethical design of artificial intelligence.Alan Gewirth and Thomas Scanlon,both of whom have made significant contributions to contemporary moral philosophy and political philosophy,are influential voices of modern Kantianism and their arguments on the normativity of morality are widely popular.However,their ideas are not known in the domestic academic community.This paper attempts to provide a clear exposition of their core arguments,and it discusses some of the inadequacies in their arguments and offers potential solutions to them.By relying on current research on the ethical design of artificial intelligence,this paper also shows practical significance of their ideas.Based on their arguments for the need to recognize moral duties,this paper tried to es

关 键 词：人工智能 机器伦理 道德规范性 康德式理论 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]