低龄未成年人刑事责任条款的司法适用  

Judicial Application of the Provision on Criminal Liability of Young Segment of Minor

作　　者：刘仁文[1,2] Liu Renwen

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所 [2]中国社会科学院大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第7期59-76,共18页Law Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“刑法的立体分析与关系刑法学研究”(项目编号:19AFX007)的研究成果。

摘　　要：《刑法修正案(十一)》有条件地将刑事责任年龄起点降低到十二周岁,如何妥当适用这一规定是当前司法实务中亟须解决的问题。为了平衡双向保护原则中社会保护和未成年人保护的关系,同时也为了使立法、司法保持逻辑自洽,采取“罪行+两个特定罪名说”解释“犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪”这一范围具有合理性。从当然解释的立场出发,采用“择一对应论”对“致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾”这一结果要件与前述的罪名范围排列组合成四种情形较为可取。通过重点考察低龄未成年人的犯罪动机、犯罪前科及悔罪表现、被害人的特殊性与人数、行为次数、犯罪地点以及在共同犯罪中的地位与作用等积极性因素,同时重视对其身心发育是否迟滞、其成长环境是否存在严重缺失并由此导致人格缺陷,被害人是否存在明显过错等消极性因素的考察,从而综合判断涉案低龄未成年人犯罪是否达到“情节恶劣”的要求。在向最高人民检察院报请核准追诉的程序上,应将与侦查机关同级的人民检察院作为启动报请机关;采用逐级上报、层层审核并最终由最高人民检察院来决定是否核准的方式;在报请核准期间,可以考虑将涉案低龄未成年人临时安置在看守所设立的专门区域;同时,应当允许涉案低龄未成年人在报请核准期间获得律师的有效帮助。The Amendment(Ⅺ)to Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China has conditionally changed the lowest age of criminal responsibility to 12 years old.How to properly apply this provision is an urgent problem in current judicial practice.In order to balance the relationship between the protection of minors and social protection in the principle of two-way protection,and to maintain the logical harmony between legislation and justice at the same time,it is reasonable to adopt“crime plus two specific crimes”to explain the scope of“commits a crime of intentional homicide or intentional injury”.From the standpoint of natural interpretation,it is preferable to use the“alternative correspondence theory”to combine the result elements of“causing death or serious injury to a person through particularly cruel means,resulting in serious disability”with the above mentioned scope elements into four situations.It is supposed to focus on positive evaluation elements such as the criminal motive,repentance,the object of crime,the place of crime,the number of crimes and the status and role of crime in young minors cases,and at the same time pay attention to the investigation of negative evaluation elements such as whether its physiological and psychological development is delayed,whether it is based on school bullying and domestic violence,and whether the victim has serious fault,so as to comprehensively judge whether the young minors involved in the case meet the requirements of“serious circumstances”.In the procedure of submission to the Supreme People’s Procuratorate for approval of prosecution,the People’s Procuratorate at the same level as the investigative agency should be designated as the initiating submission organ.By adopting a step-by-step reporting and layer by layer review method,and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate ultimately decides whether to approve or not.During the approval period,it is possible to consider transferring the young minors involved in the crime to a detention center f

关 键 词：低龄未成年人犯罪追诉 罪名范围 犯罪结果 犯罪情节 核准程序 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]