苏联首任驻华大使加拉罕与列强驻华使节的外交博弈(1924—1925年)  

Contacts of the First Soviet Ambassador Leo Karakhan and the Ministers of the Treaty Powers in China(1924-1925)

作　　者：徐畅 赵世锋 XU Chang;ZHAO Shi-feng(Dept.of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China;Dept.of Russian Language and Literature,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433 [2]复旦大学俄语语言文学系,上海200433

出　　处：《青海师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第1期29-38,共10页Journal of Qinghai Normal University（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“俄罗斯西伯利亚远东地区藏1950年前中国共产党档案文献的整理与研究”(21&ZD031)。

摘　　要：加拉罕是1924年“中苏建交”后苏联首任驻华大使,而当时其他与中国建立外交关系的国家,派出的都只是第二等级的公使。这些国家大多在近代历史上与中国签订有不平等条约,或可统称之为“条约列强”,而苏联此时在中国积极宣扬以“废约”为核心的反帝国主义革命斗争。因此,加拉罕与这些列强公使之间,天然构成一对矛盾。对此,前人研究或将视线聚焦于苏联对南方革命阵营之指导而忽视北方,或关注苏联与北京政府建交以前的谈判过程而忽视建交后的历史,或只有笼统印象但疏于细节。本文主要依据加拉罕与契切林、斯大林的通信集,综合运用中、英、俄文外交档案材料,试图展现出苏联大使加拉罕在与列强公使们的日常接触互动中,巧妙利用身份优势,不断试探和谋求突破束缚苏联外交格局的“帝国主义包围圈”的进退得失。Leo Karakhan was the first Soviet ambassador to China after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union in 1924,while other countries that had established diplomatic relations with China at that time sent only second-ranking ministers.Most of these countries had signed unequal agreements with China in modern history,so they could be collectively called"treaty powers".Meanwhile,the Soviet Union was actively promoting the anti-imperialist revolution in China,with the"abolition of treaties"as the core.Therefore,there was a natural contradiction between Karakhan and the ministers of these treaty powers.In this regard,however,previous studies have focused either on the Soviet Union's guidance of the revolutionary camp in the south,while neglecting the north,or on the negotiation process before the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the Beijing government,neglecting the post-establishment history.They have only general impressions but few details.Based on the letters between Karakhan,Chicherin and Stalin,this article uses a combination of Chinese,English,and Russian diplomatic archives to show how Soviet Ambassador,in his daily contacts with the ministers of the treaty powers,skillfully used his position to break out the"imperialist encirclement"that shackled the Soviet diplomatic landscape.

关 键 词：加拉罕 “条约列强” 外交使团 外交博弈 

分 类 号：K262[历史地理—历史学] K512.53[历史地理—中国史]