超常规极端暴雨洪涝灾害应对的国际比较研究:以2021年中美德暴雨洪涝灾害为例  

International comparative study on coping with flood-waterlogging disaster from extraordinary rainstorm:Taking rainstorm flood-waterlogging disasters in China,America and Germany in 2021 as study cases

作　　者：张海凤 孔锋 方建 ZHANG Haifeng;KONG Feng;FANG Jian(College of Humanities and Development Studies,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China;Center for Crisis Management Research,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographical Process Analysis and Simulation,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,Hubei,China;School of Urban and Environmental Science,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院,北京100083 [2]清华大学应急管理研究基地,北京100084 [3]华中师范大学地理过程分析与模拟湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉430079 [4]华中师范大学城市与环境科学学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《水利水电技术（中英文）》2023年第7期1-13,共13页Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42077441);中国高等教育学会2022年度高等教育科学研究规划课题(22DL0302);中国气象局气象干部培训学院重点项目(2022CMATCZD05,2022CMATCZD09);2021年度中华农业科教基金课程教材建设研究项目(NKJ202103014);北京市高等教育学会2022年立项课题面上项目(MS2022370)。

摘　　要：【目的】分析国际上不同地区暴雨洪涝灾害的多主体应对措施,对提高全球暴雨洪涝灾害治理能力具有重要价值。【方法】运用多要素比较分析的方法,以2021年发生超常规极端暴雨洪涝灾害的中、美、德三国为例,分析了各国社会多主体综合应对灾害的能力。首先从政府的一体化管理、全过程管理和央地协作管理三个层面分析了中美德政府在面对暴雨洪涝灾害时的应急反应特征与效果。其次分析了社会公众、企业和非营利组织面对暴雨洪涝灾害的应急反应,重点分析了保险企业在灾害管理中的作用。最后探究了中美德暴雨洪涝灾害治理中的有效做法和反应失灵的共性原因,并在此基础上提出了暴雨洪涝灾害风险综合治理的措施。【结果】研究发现:(1)在政府和社会公众的应急反应上,三国政府应急管理模式不尽相同,产生的减灾效果也有差异,但社会公众在灾害风险管理中都发挥了不可替代的重要作用。(2)中美德三国面对洪涝灾害的应急反应各有其有效做法,治理措施失灵背后也有相似的共性原因。三国政府在应对暴雨洪涝灾害中都出现了预报预警精度不够、科技支撑能力不足,城市基础设施老旧、城市防御能力减弱,主体间协同不足、信息共享平台欠缺等问题。【结论】我国应不断完善触发自然灾害应急响应机制,推动完善多主体应急协调联动机制,完善城市应急预案和建设方案,提高对不实信息的舆论管理能力和建立中国特色的巨灾保险体制,提高我国应对暴雨洪涝等自然灾害的应急管理和风险治理水平。研究结果对于国际上应对气候变化和制定防灾减灾政策具有重要参考价值,能够为政府有效应对暴雨洪涝灾害和提高灾害风险治理水平提供借鉴。[Objective]Analyzing the multi-agency countermeasures for coping with rainstorm flood-waterlogging disasters in different regions in the world has important value for enhancing the global disaster governance capacity of rainstorm flood-waterlogging disaster.[Methods]Taking multi-factor comparative analysis as the method to analyze the social multi-agency comprehensive countermeasures for coping with the disasters in various countries through taking the extraordinary rainstorm flood-waterlogging disasters occurred in China,America and Germany in 2021 as the study cases.The characteristics and effects of emergency responses from Chinese,American and German governments for facing flood-waterlogging disaster are firstly analyzed from the levels of government′s integrated management,whole-process management and central-local collaboration,and then the emergency responses from public,enterprises and non-profit organizations to rainstorm flood-waterlogging disaster are analyzed,in which the roles of insurance enterprises in disaster management are emphasically analyzed as well.Finally,the common causes of both the effective measures and the response failures during the control of rainstorm flood-waterlogging disasters in China,America and Germany are explored and the comprehensive governance measures for the risk from rainstorm flood-waterlogging disaster are proposed on the basis of this.[Results]The results show that:(1)In the aspect of emergency responses of both the government and the public,the emergency management modes of the governments of the three countries are different with different disaster reduction effects,but the publics of all the three countries play irreplaceable roles in disaster risk management.(2)The emergency responses from the three countries to flood-waterlogging disaster have their own effective method,while similar common reasons are there behind the failure of governance measures.The problems of insufficient accuracies of forecast and early warning,inadequate scientific and technical suppo

关 键 词：暴雨洪涝 自然灾害 灾害风险 综合灾害风险防范 应急管理 气候变化风险 巨灾风险治理 降雨 

分 类 号：X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治] TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源]