自动驾驶中过失犯归责体系的展开  

Criminal Attribution of Negligence in Self-Driving

作　　者：蔡仙 Cai Xian

机构地区：[1]苏州大学王健法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2023年第4期65-81,共17页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“风险社会下预备犯的处罚根据及其边界研究”(项目编号:19YJC820001);苏州大学人文社会科学团队项目“系统论视野下企业刑事归责模式的反思与重构研究”(项目编号:NH33714720)的研究成果。

摘　　要：自动驾驶时代的到来并未根本性地动摇传统过失犯理论,由此不存在革新过失犯归责体系的必要性。自动驾驶技术给过失犯理论带来的真正挑战在于,如何将现有理论适用于这种新场景,以应对算法黑箱、交通参与主体多样化等局面。为此,刑法应与其他部门法、监管政策有效协调,理性地介入到自动驾驶的风险分配过程中。分配风险及确定注意义务时,要考虑自动驾驶汽车生产者、使用者等主体间的利益权衡、对汽车的现实支配程度、风险控制能力、技术发展水平和公众认知等因素。从自动驾驶系统的可解释水平和技术发展趋势来看,算法黑箱不能成为放弃过失犯中预见可能性要素或者降低归因归责标准的缘由。这种突破只会创设新一轮风险,阻碍自动驾驶技术的发展。The arrival of self-driving era has not fundamentally shaken the dominant doctrine of crime of negligence.Therefore,there is no basic need for a radical reform of the system for assigning liability in negligent offenses.The real challenge posed by self-driving lies in how to apply the existing doctrine to this new scenario,addressing issues like algorithmic black box and the diverse range of participants in traffic.To tackle this,criminal law should effectively coordinate with other laws and regulatory policies,and sensibly integrate itself into the risk allocation process of automated driving.When allocating risks and determining duty of care,all factors should be taken into consideration,such as the balance of interests between automated car manufacturers and users,the level of control over vehicle,risk management capacities,technological advancements,public awareness.Judging from the interpretability of autonomous driving systems and the trajectory of technological development,algorithmic black-box should not be a reason to abandon the element of foreseeability or lower the standards for attribution and liability in negligence offenses.Such a move would only create new risks and impede the progress of autonomous driving technology.

关 键 词：自动驾驶 过失犯 风险分配 注意义务 因果关系 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]