注意焦点对学龄前儿童基本动作技能练习效果的影响——以立定跳远动作为例  

Influence of Attentional Focus on the Practice Effect for Preschoolers’Fundamental Motor Skills-Take the Standing Long Jump as an Example

作　　者：陈皆播 赵星[1] 宋文静 高兴[1] 罗冬梅[1] CHEN Jiebo;ZHAO Xing;SONG Wenjing;GAO Xing;LUO Dongmei(Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China;Nantong University,Nantong 226019,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学,北京100084 [2]南通大学,江苏南通226019

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2023年第8期40-46,共7页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(BLA200222)。

摘　　要：目的:以立定跳远动作为例,检验不同注意焦点对学龄前儿童立定跳远结果指标距离和过程指标动作得分的影响,并从运动学角度分析注意焦点影响立定跳远练习效果的潜在机制,探究注意焦点在学龄前儿童基本动作技能教学中的作用。方法:选取46名4.5~6.0岁的学龄前儿童为受试者,采用受试者内平衡的研究设计分别测试这些儿童在内部、外部和无特定注意焦点指令引导下的立定跳远动作,并分别应用Qualisys红外高速运动捕捉系统和Sony摄像机采集学龄前儿童立定跳远的运动学数据和动作视频。结果:1)与对照组和内部注意焦点组相比,外部注意焦点组的立定跳远距离显著增加(97.7 cm vs 98.9 cm vs104.2 cm,F=23.544,P<0.05),但立定跳远动作得分在各组间无显著性差异(F=0.764,P=0.392)。2)与对照组和内部注意焦点组相比,在预蹲阶段,外部注意焦点组的髋关节(77.2°vs73.9°vs 61.5°,F=49.320,P<0.05)和膝关节角度(110.4°vs 113.7°vs 102.6°,F=31.803,P<0.05)显著减小;在蹬伸阶段,髋关节(172.5°vs 171.4°vs 167.9°,F=14.212,P<0.05)、膝关节(158.0°vs 156.9°vs 150.5°,F=8.810,P<0.05)、踝关节角度(111.0°vs 111.0°vs 106.7°,F=7.366,P<0.05)和起跳角(62.7°vs 63.0°vs 58.8°,F=52.075,P<0.05)显著减小,水平速度(1.70 m/s vs 1.67 m/s vs 1.85 m/s,F=23.174,P<0.05)显著增加;在腾空阶段,髋关节(96.6°vs95.0°vs82.6°,F=40.041,P<0.05)和膝关节角度(90.8°vs 92.4°vs 83.8°,F=27.930,P<0.05)显著减小。结论:外部注意焦点能够有效提升学龄前儿童的立定跳远距离,产生此效果可能与立定跳远预蹲、蹬伸和腾空阶段运动学参数的变化有关。注意焦点的简单改变可能会对学龄前儿童动作技能的练习效果产生影响,教学者在教学中可将学龄前儿童的注意力引导至外部,以促进其动作表现。Objective:Taking the standing long jump as an example,this study tests the influence of different attentional focus on the result index distance and process index action score for preshoolers’standing long jump,and analyzes the potential mechanism of the attentional focus on the practice effect from the perspective of kinematics,so as to preliminarily explore the role of attentional focus in the teaching of fundamental motor skills in preschoolers.Methods:Fortysix preschoolers aged 4.5 to 6.0 years were selected as subjects to test their standing long jump under the guidance of internal and external and no specific attention focus commands in a study design of within-subject.The kinematics data and motor video of preschoolers’standing long jump were collected by Qualisys infrared high-speed motion capture system and Sony camera respectively.Results:1)Compared with the control group and the internal focus group,the standing long jump distance of the external focus group increased significantly(97.7 cm vs 98.9 cm vs 104.2 cm,F=23.544,P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the standing long jump action scores between the groups(F=0.764,P=0.392).2)Compared with the control group and the internal focus group,the hip joint(77.2°vs 73.9°vs 61.5°,F=49.320,P<0.05)and knee joint angle(110.4°vs 113.7°vs 102.6°,F=31.803,P<0.05)in the external focus group significantly decreased during the pre-squat stage;in the push and stretch stage,the hip joint(172.5°vs 171.4°vs 167.9°,F=14.212,P<0.05),knee joint(158.0°vs 156.9°vs 150.5°,F=8.810,P<0.05),ankle joint angle(111.0°vs 111.0°vs 106.7°,F=7.366,P<0.05)and take-off angle(62.7°vs 63.0°vs 58.8°,F=52.075,P<0.05)decreased significantly,and the horizontal velocity(1.70 m/s vs 1.67 m/s vs 1.85 m/s,F=23.174,P<0.05)increased significantly;in the flight phase,the hip joint(96.6°vs 95.0°vs 82.6°,F=40.041,P<0.05)and knee joint angle(90.8°vs 92.4°vs 83.8°,F=27.930,P<0.05)decreased significantly.Conclusions:The exter‐nal focus of attention can effectiv

关 键 词：学龄前儿童 立定跳远 注意焦点 

分 类 号：G804.49[文化科学—运动人体科学]