以非法手段私力实现债权行为的刑法定性  

On the Criminal Law-based Nature Determination of the Act of Enforcing Creditor's Rights through Self Help by Illegal Means

作　　者：王昭武 WANG Zhaowu

机构地区：[1]云南大学法学院,云南昆明650500

出　　处：《政治与法律》2023年第9期68-83,共16页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：对于以暴力等非法手段私力实现债权的行为,判例与通说认为,行为人是为了实现自己的债权,不存在非法占有的目的,且债务人不存在财产损失,因而不能成立财产犯罪。但是,近代法治国家禁止私力救济,不倡导私力实现债权;行为人是否具有非法占有的目的取决于能否给债务人造成财产损失;债务人有义务履行债务,并不意味着其对于财物的占有不受法律保护。此类行为侵犯了债务人对自己财物的利用权能,应当肯定具有财产犯罪的构成要件该当性。因此可以明确刑法的否定态度,引导公民以合法手段实现债权。但是,债权人毕竟是为了实现自己的债权,其可罚性程度相对较低,还需要在违法性阶段通过考察行为是否具有社会相当性,积极地寻求阻却违法的可能。我们无法期待更不能要求面临“索债无门”的债权人只能冷静地采取合法手段,因而应当将那些手段行为本身构成故意伤害罪等犯罪的情形认定为不具有手段的相当性与必要性。In regards to using illegal means such violence to enforce creditor's rights through self help,the jurisprudence and prevalent view hold that the actor aims to enforce his own creditor's rights and does not have the purpose of illegal possession,and the debtor suffers no loss of property,thus no offense against property can be established.However,modern law-based countries prohibit self help and do not advocate the enforcement of creditor's rights through self help;Whether an actor has the purpose of illegal possession depends on whether the conduct is able to cause loss of property to the debtor;The debtor has the obligation to fulfill his debts,but this does not mean that his possession of property is not protected by law.Such kind of the actor's conduct infringes upon the debtor's right of utilizing his own property,therefore it should be recognized that the conduct satisfies the constituent elements of a crime against property,thus being able to make clear the negative attitude of criminal law toward such conduct and giving guidance to citizens for them to realize their creditors'rights.However,the creditor's commission of such conduct is after all for realizing his own creditor's rights,thus the degree of punishability is relatively low,and also it is necessary to proactively seize the chance of negating the illegality at the tier of illegality through examining whether the conduct enjoys social tolerance.Especially,we cannot expect nor demand an creditor who"has no alternative way to enforce his creditor's rights"to calmly take lawful steps,therefore nowadays we can only determine those conductsas-the-means which they themselves constitute crimes like the crime of intentional injury as not having the equivalence and necessity of means.

关 键 词：权利行使 财产损失 非法占有目的 构成要件该当性 社会相当性 阻却违法性 

分 类 号：DF625[政治法律—刑法学]