北魏六镇墓葬汉化迟滞因素的考古学解析  

An Archaeological Analysis on the Lagged Sinicization of Graves in the Six Towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty

作　　者：刘连香[1] LIU Lian-xiang(Minzu University of China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院考古文博系,北京100081

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2023年第3期99-118,M0007,共21页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

基　　金：铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项项目“北朝考古遗存中的华夏民族认同研究”(22MDZL05)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：六镇是北魏在北部边疆所设用于防御外族入侵的军镇。内蒙古中南部发掘的45座北魏六镇时期墓葬资料相对丰富,在地表遗存、墓主头向、殉牲、葬具形制、随葬品等方面保留较多早期文化因素,呈现出代魏早期“国俗”、汉人华典、西域胡风等多元文化杂糅的特点,整体落后于同时期国都平城和洛阳等汉化核心区,发展较为迟缓。其形成原因是由六镇军镇管理模式固化导致长期封闭环境、区域内部不同族群杂居、远离北魏汉化改革核心区域等共同作用的结果。北魏末年的六镇起义是对其落后于时代、被边缘化的反抗,而非反对汉化。六镇墓葬反映北魏汉化动态发展中的不同步骤和微观效果差异,体现中华民族共同体形成的阶段性和区域性特征。The Six Towns are six military towns built to prevent the invasion of foreign powers located on the northern border of the Northern Wei dynasty.The 45 graves excavated in central and southern Inner Mongolia of the six towns in the Northern Wei dynasty have relatively abundant burial contexts;these graves retain some early cultural elements,including above-ground remnants,the direction of the tomb occupant's head,sacrificial animals,funerary equipment,and grave goods,and show characteristics of multicultural,including the"national custom"of the early Jin dynasty,the luxurious and elegant style of Han people,as well as the exotic style of Donghu people from the Western Regions;overall,burial contexts here are lagged behind with slow pace of development comparing to Pingcheng,the capital of Northern Wei,as well as Luoyang,which are both centers of Sinicization.The causes of this phenomenon are long-term isolation due to the rigid administration of the six military towns,people from different ethnic groups living in the same area,and the geological distance away from the central zone of Sinicization of the Northern Wei dynasty.The Six Towns rebellion that happened in late Northern Wei is a rebellion against being lagged behind of the time and being marginalized,not against Sinicization.Graves in the Six Towns reflect the differentiation of stages and microscopic effects of Northern Wei's Sinicization in different regions and demonstrate that the formation of the community for the Chinese nation is of multiple stages and of regional contexts.

关 键 词：六镇墓葬 多元文化 汉化迟滞 军镇管理 边缘化 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K239.21[历史地理—历史学]