明代番将掌兵及军权分配之族群差异  

Ethnic Differences in the Commanding of Soldiers and the Distribution of Military Power in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：卜凯悦 BU Kaiyue

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学,陕西西安710029

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2023年第2期221-228,共8页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

摘　　要：明朝卫所、军府等军事机构里,以军事将领面目出现的降附少数民族及其后裔构成了明代番将群体。明初按“不许番将掌兵”的原则授予番将军职,即不许番将担任各级军事机构的最高军职、掌握统帅权。到明中期,番将终获与汉族将领对等的军职待遇。番将群体的形成及其军权的扩张,与明代对少数民族的管理政策及番将自身的军功成绩息息相关。纵向比较,明代对番将掌兵的限制与元代不许汉人、南人统帅蒙古军队有相似之处,都是国家统治中推行族群等级制度的具体表现形式。元明两朝的军职限令在推行时限及程度上有差异,究其深层原因,是在不同的国家管理政策导向之下,两朝多民族民众建立的国家认同程度不一致。In the Ming Dynasty, ethnic minorities and their descendants, who were integrated into the military system, usually appeared as military generals of the garrison and military government, and formed a group of ethnic generals in the Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the principle of "no minority generals are allowed to command the army" was applied to ethnic generals, which meant that ethnic generals were not allowed to hold the highest military positions and command military institutions at all levels. By the middle of the Ming dynasty, Fan Jiang finally received the same military treatment as Han generals. The formation of the ethnic generals' clique and the expansion of their military power are closely related to the Ming Dynasty's management policy towards ethnic minorities and the ethnic generals' own military achievements. In a vertical comparison, the Ming dynasty's restrictions on ethnic generals commanding the army are similar to the Yuan dynasty's prohibition on Han and southerners commanding the Mongol army, all of which are concrete manifestations of the implementation of the national hierarchy system under state rule. There are differences between the Yuan and Ming dynasties in the period of implementation and the degree of restriction of military posts. The deep reason is that under the guidance of different ethnic management policies, the degree of ethnic identity established by the multi—ethnic people in the two dynasties is inconsistent.

关 键 词：番将掌兵 军权分配 族群差异 国家认同 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]