洛克自然法学说的理智主义传统与意志主义改造  

The Tradition of Rationalism and the Transformation of Voluntarism in Locke’s Thought of Natural Law

作　　者：吴允通 Wu Yuntong(Department of Philosophy,Party School of Jiangxi Province Committee of C.P.C,Nanchang 330108,China)

机构地区：[1]中共江西省委党校哲学教研部,南昌330108

出　　处：《天津大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期472-478,共7页Journal of Tianjin University：Social Sciences

基　　金：江西省社会科学基金项目(22ZX02).

摘　　要：洛克自然法思想研究作为政治哲学与道德哲学研究热点,其体系中理智主义与意志主义的区分并未得到足够重视。根据洛克著述的分期,可以发现他在早期自然法论文中就已构建起道德实在论的理智主义框架,追溯思想史渊源可以厘清这一框架的立意与突破。取得突破的原因在于洛克糅合“理性”的双重作用,在理智主义传统中嵌入经验主义认识论的功用,通过“直观”获得自然法诸规定,通过推理能力获得更为丰富的道德知识。但洛克认定道德判断以意志而非理智作为根据,又使得一种道德非实在论的意志主义倾向在其体系中产生,因此给其理智主义框架带来了巨大的难题。这一难题的背后,是洛克试图使其自然法思想与近代自然观相符合的努力。The study of Locke’s natural law thoughts is a hot topic in the study of political philosophy and moral philosophy,yet the distinction between rationalism and voluntarism in his theoretical system has not been paid enough attention.According to the staging of Locke’s writings,it can be found that he has constructed the intellectual framework of moral realism in his early natural law papers and tracing the history of his thoughts on natural law can clarify the intention and breakthroughs of Locke’s construction.Those breakthroughs lie in Locke’s combination of the dual functions of“rationality”which embeds the function of empirical epistemology in the intellectual framework,raises the provisions of natural law through“intuition”and produces moral knowledge through“reasoning”.However,Locke’s idea that moral judgments are based on will rather than reason has led to a kind of moral non-realistic tendency towards voluntarism which has brought huge problems to the framework.Behind this problem lies Locke’s efforts to make his natural law thoughts conform to the modern natural view.

关 键 词：约翰·洛克 自然法 理智主义 意志主义 道德实在论 

分 类 号：B504[哲学宗教—外国哲学]