论《民法典》对新闻报道权、舆论监督权的优先保护  

On the Priority Protection for the Right of News Reporting and Public Opinion Supervision under the Civil Code

作　　者：樊勇 FAN Yong(the Research Center of Journalism and Social Development,Renmin University of China;the School of Journalism and Communication,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学新闻与社会发展研究中心 [2]中国人民大学新闻学院

出　　处：《国际新闻界》2023年第5期156-176,共21页Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金面上资助项目(项目编号:2019M660904)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》新闻舆论规范采用实质调整、普遍调整的规范模式,解决了前法典化制度对新闻舆论相关的利益因素衡量不足、解释成本高、适用范围有限、裁量空间过大等问题。维护公共利益是《民法典》优先保护新闻报道权、舆论监督权的实质理由。只要通过包含正当性判断、合目的性判断在内的公共利益审查,证明新闻舆论行为的目的是“为公共利益”,行为人即可依法不经同意合理使用他人的人格标识,原则上不承担影响他人名誉的民事责任。各种类型的行为人,包括不具备新闻采编资质的自媒体运营者、社交媒体用户,均可依据《民法典》主张优先保护自身的新闻报道权、舆论监督权。职业资质是体现行为人专业能力的利益衡量因素。为在利益冲突中保护新闻报道权、舆论监督权和降低工作风险,行为人应按照《民法典》的引导,提升自身的目的意识、比例意识、控制意识和证据意识。The norms of news and public opinion in the Civil Code adopt a substantive and universal regulatory mode,which solves the problems of insufficient consideration of interest factors related to news and public opinion,high interpretation costs,limited applicability,and excessive discretion in the pre-codification system.The protection of public interests is the substantive reason for the priority protection of the right of news reporting and public opinion supervision in the Civil Code.If the purpose of news and public opinion behavior is proven to be"for public interests"through a public interest review that includes legitimacy and purposefulness judgments,the actor can legally use others'personal identity without consent,and generally not be held responsible for civil liability that affects the reputation of others.Various types of news and public opinion actors,including self-media operators and social media users without news gathering and editing qualifications,can claim priority protection for the right of news reporting and public opinion supervision under the Civil Code.Professional qualifications are an interest balancing factor that reflects the professional abilities of the actor.To actively advocate for the priority protection for the right of news reporting and public opinion supervision and reduce work risks,actors should enhance their awareness of purpose,proportion,control,and evidence in accordance with the guidance of the Civil Code.

关 键 词：《民法典》 新闻报道权 舆论监督权 公共利益 利益衡量 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]