多民族国家塑造国家民族观念的政策实践——基于美国、印度尼西亚和尼日利亚的国别比较  

Policy Practice of the Multinational States in Building the Sense of State-Nation——Based on the Country Comparison of the United States,Indonesia and Nigeria

作　　者：于春洋[1] 周佳薇 YU Chun-yang;ZHOU Jia-wei(School of Public Administration,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao,Hebei 066004,China)

机构地区：[1]燕山大学文法学院,河北秦皇岛066004

出　　处：《贵州民族研究》2023年第4期21-30,共10页Guizhou Ethnic Studies

基　　金：2022年国家民委铸牢中华民族共同体意识专项课题“构建人类命运共同体和创造人类文明新形态视野下的中华民族共同体建设意义和价值研究”(项目编号:2022-GNG-019);2022年国家社科基金后期资助项目“中国共产党推进中华民族共同体意识的理论与实践研究”(22FMZB001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国家民族观念塑造是维护当代多民族国家主权统一、社会稳定、民族团结的重要手段。美国以“肯定性行动”为代表的少数族群优惠政策、印度尼西亚的“潘查希拉”原则与追求民主和平等的政策、尼日利亚的“撤区建州”政策与“联邦特征原则”,都是正向发挥国家民族观念塑造功能的政策。而那些罔顾少数民族合理利益诉求的政策,诸如美国经由种族歧视的“文化基因”而派生的政策、印尼长期奉行的“内地移民”与同化政策、尼日利亚政治生态与军队建制中广泛存在的族性区隔政策等等,则成为制造社会动荡、民粹主义、政治极化乃至民族分离等消极后果的重要原因。经验表明,只有在尊重并保护各民族语言、宗教、习俗等文化特性基础上制定促进各民族平等团结、共同发展的政策,才能推进多民族国家内部各民族成员的国家认同,有助于形成并维系统一的国家民族观念。The sense of State-Nation building is an important way to defend the national sovereignty,maintain social stability and unite the nation in multinational states.The preferential policies to ethnic minority groups(represented by Affirmative Action)in America,Pancasila and the policies of pursuing democracy and equality in Indonesia,and the nation-building drive as well as the federal character principle in Nigeria,are all the policies that could help push the sense forward.While the policies of ignoring the interest of the ethnic minority groups may lead to social unrest,populism,political polarization,and even ethnic separatism,such as American ethnic policies derived from their“cultural genes”of racial discrimination,Indonesia's long-standing internal colonial policies and assimilation policies,and political ecology of Nigeria as well as the widespread racial segregation policies in the army incorporation of Nigeria.It shows that only when the policies are made based on the respect for each ethnic group’s language,religion,customs and other cultural attributes,can the policies enhance national identity of the members in multinational states,so eventually forming the unified sense of State-Nation.

关 键 词：国家民族 国家民族观念 多民族国家 政策实践 国别比较 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学]