男子100米一级与健将级运动员起跑前5步技术分析与启示  

Technical Analysis and Enlightenment of the First Five Steps of Elite Mens 10Om Race Athletes

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作  者:李晓杰 刘坤 Li Xiaojie;Liu Kun(School of Physical Education,Liaoning Technical University,Fuxin 123000,China;不详)

机构地区:[1]辽宁工程技术大学体育学院,辽宁阜新123000 [2]江西师范大学体育学院,江西南昌330022

出  处:《体育科技文献通报》2023年第8期13-16,共4页Bulletin of Sport Science & Technology

摘  要:起跑在百米全程中占据重要地位,起跑技术的好坏决定了运动员能否在静止到动态的过程中产生最大速度与维持,对维持全程节奏实现水平速度最大化有重要意义。为分析一级运动员与健将运动员起跑前5步的技术差异性,本文通过文献资料、高速摄像测量、视频解析、数理统计、比较分析等研究方法,对5名健将运动员和5名一级运动员的起跑前五步进行影像采集、技术解析和对比研究。研究结果:(1)健将级运动员在起跑预备姿势阶段前后腿膝关节屈膝角度较小,踏板位置距离较为适宜,肌肉发力位置正确。(2)躯干前倾角度决定运动员在起跑后每一步的躯干重心位置的变化,健将级运动员在躯干的角度控制上优于一级运动员。(3)起跑中最关键的是步长变化,健将级运动员第一步相对适宜,第二步较小,之后每一步都会进行逐步增加。建议:采用雪橇跑或1080Sprint设定不同阶段、不同目标需求下的合理负荷。通常在前20米加速环节采用身体自重的20%负荷进行加速训练,以更好地发展下肢的神经反射弧、刺激神经肌肉系统,从而实现相应转换,提高跑动环节各指标参数水平。为能够合理控制步态的正常发展,还可以在跑道上贴点,限制运动员在某个位置及时落脚、稳定步态,以此帮助合理增加每一步的幅度,为途中跑产生最大速度做好准备、创造良好成绩。Starting plays an important part of the 100-meter race,and the quality of the starting technique determines whether the athlete can produce maximum speed and maintenance in the process of stationary to dynamic.It is of great significance to maintain the rhythm of the whole process and maximize the horizontal speed.In order to analyze the technical differences between the first five steps of the starting distance between the first-class athletes and the elite athletes,the image acquisition technology analysis of the first five steps of the five elite athletes and the five first-class athletes was studied and compared by literature method,high-speed camera measurement method,video analysis method,mathematical statistics method and comparative analysis method.The results showed that:(a)the knee bending angle of the front and rear legs and knees was small,the pedal position distance was more suitable,and the muscle force position was correct.(b)Theforward tilt angle of the torso determines the change in the position of the center of gravity of the trunk supported by the athlete at each step after the start,and the elite athlete class is obviously better than the first-class athlete in the control of the angle of the torso.(c)The most critical point in the starting is obviously the change of step length.The starting rhythm of elite athletes,which is different from that of first-level athletes,is relatively suitable for the first step,and the second step is smaller,and each step is gradually increased.It is suggested to use sled running or 1080Sprint reasonable design load at different stages.Usually we use 20%of the body's own body weight in the acceleration link for accelerated training,which can better develop the nerve reflex arc of the lower limbs,stimulate the neuromuscular system,so as to achieve the conversion of special needs,improve the parameters of the running link.In order to be able to reasonably control the normal development of gait,we can stick points on the track to limit athletes to land in time in a

关 键 词:100米 短跑运动员 起跑技术 

分 类 号:G822.1[文化科学—体育训练]

 

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