汉语方言完成体和即行体助词“来(X)”“去(X)”及语义演变  

Perfect-Proximative Particles with Morpheme Lai(来)or Qu(去)and Their Semantic Changes in Sinitic Languages

作　　者：李桂兰 LI Guilan

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学语言科学院历史语言学研究中心,北京100083

出　　处：《语言学论丛》2023年第3期80-101,共22页Essays on Linguistics

基　　金：北京语言大学一流学科团队支持计划(项目编号:2023YGF11);国家社科基金重点项目目“赣中方言语音、词汇、语法的深度调查与研究”(项目编号:21AYY008)的资助。

摘　　要：文章考察广泛分布于汉语方言中的完成体和即行体助词“来(X)”“去(X)”的形式、功能和语义演变,思考趋向动词发展出完成体和即行体功能的类型学意义。“来(X)”“去(X)”在方言中表现不完全相同,形式上,部分方言有“来(X)”和“去(X)”两种形式,而且有单、双音节形式的区别;语义和功能上,“来(X)”“去(X)”都可表示完成体和即行体。不过,二者有一定的功能倾向,即都倾向于表达完成体,而且即行体多由“去(X)”而非“来(X)”表达。演变路径上,单音节助词“来”“去”的演变路径为“趋向动词>趋向补语>动相补语>(位于句末时)完成体助词/即行体助词”,双音节助词“来X”“去X”源于助词“来”“去”与完成体助词X的叠用或连谓结构肉“VP来/去X”的语法化。This paper deals with forms,functions and semantic changes of the monosyllabic or disyllabic perfect and proximative particles with the morpheme Lai(来)or Qu(去)in Sinitic languages,which behave differently in forms and semantics as well their semantic changes.In some languages,there are two kinds of particles with morphemes Lai(来)or Qu(去);in the others,there is only one form[either Lai(来)or Qu(去)].Furthermore,due to a strong inclination to denote a specific function(i.e.perfect)particles either with Lai(来)or Qu(去)are able to be placed at the end of sentences in which states described have changed or will soon get changed.We claim that both Lai(来)and Qu(去)are evolved from deictic motion verbs to be reanalysized as resultive complements;disyllabic particles with these morphemes,on the other hand,derived either from the combination of Lai(来)or Qu(去)with the monosyllabic perfect marker,or from the grammaticalization of serial verb construction VP+Lai(来)[or Qu(去)]+X.

关 键 词：完成体 即行体 来(X) 去(X) 语义演变 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]