古代教育人物群体的最初建构——以20世纪上半叶38种教育史著作为中心的考察  

Early Construction of the Group of Ancient Chinese Educators:A Survey Centered on 38 Works on the History of Chinese Education in the First Half of the 20^(th) Century

作　　者：杜成宪[1] 张月佳 DU Chengxian;ZHANG Yuejia(Department of Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China;Cunzhi Middle School affiliated to Tongji University,Shanghai 200062,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教育学系,上海200062 [2]上海同济大学附属存志学校,上海200092

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（教育科学版）》2023年第5期4-13,共10页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Educational Science)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“百年党史中的著名教育人物谱系研究”(21JZD013)。

摘　　要：清末民国是中国教育史学科的初建时期,将什么样的古代人物写入教科书是学科建设的重要内容。截至1949年,全国共出版通论性质的中国教育史著作38种,共选入古代教育人物187人,按其选入频次可分为低频人物(162人)、中频人物(21人)和高频人物(4人),有86人只被选入1次。从所选入人物及其频次看:这些著作以儒家思想为主线,宋以后则更侧重理学思想;从所选入人物的时代分布看:“厚古薄今”倾向明显;从所选中频人物、高频人物看:所选入人物身份比较混杂,教育家之外,传说人物、政治家、诗人、军事家、天文历算家、经学家等都有;从所选入人物学派背景看:春秋战国时期的人物体现出儒墨道法相争而以儒家为主导、儒道法相抗衡的现象,而两宋时期的人物则体现出学派蜂起而以程朱理学为主导的现实;从所选入人物的重要性看:所选入人物的重要性与被选入频次基本相称,同时也存在应当选入而未选入、所选入人物被高估或被低估等情况。在中国教育史学科体系中建构一个较为科学合理的古代教育人物群体具有重要的学术价值和社会价值。在具体实践中,可将20世纪上半叶我国38种教育史著作中中频人物、高频人物25人视为学科初建时期构建出来的古代教育人物基本群体,其中高频人物4人可以视为核心群体。基本群体基本能够反映中国古代教育的实际状况,但核心群体却不足以反映古代教育的核心价值。因此,如能让非儒家的一些中频人物进入核心群体,让一些低频人物进入基本群体,将会是理想的结果。The Late Qing Dynasty(1644 AD-1911 AD)and the Republic of China(1912 AD-1949 AD)witnessed the initial stage of the discipline of education history in China.What type of ancient personage should be included in the textbooks is fundamental for the discipline construction.By 1949,thirty⁃eight books on the general history of Chinese education had been published and a total of 187 educational figures had been included.In terms of their inclusion frequency,these figures can be divided into categories of high⁃frequency figures(4 people),medium⁃frequency figures(21 people),and low⁃frequency figures(162 people),among which 86 figures were included only once in the works.The selected figures and their including frequency show that Confucianism is the main line of these works,and Neo⁃Confucianism is more emphasized after the Song Dynasty(960 AD-1279 AD).The chronological distribution of the selected figures shows that compilers have a tendency to value the figures in the past while ignore those of the contemporary times,and the medium and high⁃frequency figures show that there is a mix of identities of the selected figures,including legendary figures,politicians,poets,military strategists,astrologers,scholars of Confucian classics as well as educators.As far as the background of selected figures is concerned,Confucianists,Mohists,Taoists and Legalists in the Spring and Autumn Period(770 BC-476 BE)and the Warring States Period(475 BC-221 BC)vied against one another,with Confucianists dominating.In the North and South Song period(960 AD-1279 AD),many schools of education emerged,among which Cheng Zhu Neo⁃Confucianism took the lead.Basically,the importance of the selected educational figures corresponds to the including frequency.However,there are also cases where some educational characters should have been included while others have been overvalued or undervalued.The twenty⁃five figures of medium and high⁃frequency can be regarded as the basic group of ancient educational figures in the early period of the

关 键 词：20世纪上半叶 中国教育史著作 古代教育人物 选入频次 群体建构 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]