喀斯特高原湖泊流域基于自然解决的生态修复方案——以云南九大高原湖泊为例  

Ecological restoration scheme of lake basins on the karst plateau based on natural solution:Take nine lakes on the Yunnan Plateau as example

作　　者：李芹 王宇 李笠 张华 王波 LI Qin;WANG Yu;LI Li;ZHANG Hua;WANG Bo(Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area,MNR,Kunming,Yunnan 650216,China;Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area,Kunming,Yunnan 650216,China;Yunnan Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring,Kunming,Yunnan 650216,China;Yunnan Geological Survey,Kunming,Yunnan 650051,China;Beijing Zhicheng Intelligent Land Planning and Design Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南昆明650216 [2]云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室(筹),云南昆明650216 [3]云南省地质环境监测院,云南昆明650216 [4]云南省地质调查局,云南昆明650051 [5]北京智城联合土地规划设计有限公司,北京100081

出　　处：《中国岩溶》2023年第3期391-401,共11页Carsologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及综合治理技术与示范”(2016YFC0502500);云南省地质灾害综合防治体系建设(云财资环[2020]68号)。

摘　　要：喀斯特高原湖泊流域由外围向内可分为山区、丘陵区、平坝区和湖泊4个生态地质环境分区。山区主要生态问题是植被退化、生物多样性受损、水土流失、石漠化及地质灾害等;丘陵区主要是植被破坏、山地开垦过度、建材滥采、地貌景观破坏、污染源点多面广、环境地质问题较多等;平坝区主要是国土空间承载量过大、水资源短缺及污染负荷巨大、生态系统破坏严重、工程建筑挤占湿地和损毁植被、自然流场改造强烈、水环境质量差等;湖泊主要是人类活动强度大,农田、村落等严重侵占湖滨缓冲带生态用地,导致生境受损,生物多样性降低,环湖生态屏障功能衰减或丧失,水质污染严重等。根据高原湖泊流域生态地质环境分异特征、水循环及物质传输规律、资源与环境条件,从研究自然演替规律和内在机理出发,分区评价流域生态功能及适宜性,揭示主要生态问题,总结实践经验,探讨基于自然解决方案的思路与原则,构建适应高原湖泊流域资源与环境条件和社会现实的生态修复方案。山区以保护保育提升生态功能为主,丘陵区以人工辅助再生、生态重建提升生态与经济功能为主,平坝区以生态重建和转型利用以消除生态环境隐患、修复生态和恢复土地功能为主,湖泊主要开展水质修复和生态重建等。目前,高原湖泊内完成修复面积593 hm2,基本实现消除地质安全隐患、防治水土流失、恢复植被3大目标任务,稳定和改善云南省九湖流域生态系统功能,提升土地利用价值,维护区域生物多样性。There are 30 lakes with a perennial surface area of more than 1 km2 on the Yunnan Plateau,including the famous"Nine Major Plateau Lakes"such as Dianchi lake,Fuxian lake,Erhai lake and Lugu lake.Since the Holocene,the plateau uplift has gradually stabilized,and plateau lakes generally entered the stage of degradation.Consequently,resources and environmental enduring capacity have decreased,and ecological vulnerability,in turn,has increased.The severe ecological damage of basins and degradation of lake ecology caused by a heavy load of population and economy in lake basins on the plateau have led to the water quality deterioration due to the shortage of water resources and the severe pollution,the decline of ecological services caused by the ecosystem destruction,and the severe restriction of the implementation and sustainability of ecological protection and restoration due to the overload of territorial space.The lakes are all distributed on the plateau and along its edge,therefore,their ecological damage effect is directly transmitted to and affects the water environment of the Yangtze River,the Pearl River and other big rivers through the surface and underground rivers.Therefore,the ecological restoration of the plateau lake basins is of great significance to the regional water environmental and ecological security.Through the systematic investigation and research,we find that mainly developing in karst faulted basins with a complete geomorphic unit for each lake basin is the most important environmental feature of plateau lakes.The karst faulted basin can be divided into four geological zones in terms of ecological environment,mountain area,hilly area,flat land area,and lake area.The ecological and economic functions of the zones are shown as follows,mountain areas are mainly used for the ecological functions such as soil and water conservation,biodiversity protection,etc.,and the development of mineral resources and energy;hilly areas are used for ecological barrier establishment,water and soil conservation,wa

关 键 词：生态系统 喀斯特高原湖泊 地貌形态 环境问题 生态修复 云南 

分 类 号：X171.4[环境科学与工程—环境科学] P343.3[天文地球—水文科学]