非遗语境下传统营造技艺的保护原则  

Principles for Protecting Traditional Construction Techniques in the Context of Intangible Cultural Heritage

作　　者：刘托[1] Liu Tuo(Chinese National Academy of Arts,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]中国艺术研究院,北京100012

出　　处：《中国文化遗产》2023年第4期94-101,共8页China Cultural Heritage

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“扩大社会力量参与文化遗产保护问题研究”(项目编号22ZDA085)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：传统营造技艺的保护实践中首先遇到的就是保护原则问题,既有与物质文化遗产保护相近的原真性、整体性原则,更有活态性、伦理性等非物质文化遗产特有的保护原则。活态性是指当下活着的文化遗产具有当代性和传承性,如同人类通过繁殖而保持种群的永续,技艺则通过师徒间的传承而生生不息。伦理性原则反映了非遗对传承人社会属性的认同。营造技艺项目大多涉及民族性、地区性、民俗性、习惯性等问题,许多习惯做法和仪式礼俗是民间长期生产生活经验的总结,也是民族及地域文化的结晶,是当地人民基于自然与社会生态的选择,对其认可和包容是对文化多样性的尊重和理解。营造技艺和建筑实体的保护相辅相成,缺一不可。营造技艺在传统技艺中具有典型性和代表性,其保护原则对一般传统技艺项目具有参考意义。We have had rich experience in the protection of architectural heritages,but we are still in the exploration of ways to protect intangible construction techniques.The priority in protection practices is to determine protection principles,which is related to theories and methods of the protection of intangible cultural heritages,and thus the core of the protection of intangible cultural heritages.There are similar principles to those for the protection of tangible cultural heritages such as authenticity and integrity,but it still has its own characteristics.For example,the authenticity of intangible cultural heritage protection emphasizes the dynamic characteristics passed down from history,and the authenticity of the protection of construction techniques mainly lies in the fact that there are techniques passed down from generation to generation by craftsmen.In addition,intangible cultural heritages have unique protection principles such as liveliness and ethicality.The principle of liveliness means that techniques are passed down from generation to generation through the continuous inheritance of apprentices from masters,just as human maintain the continuity of population through reproduction.The principle of ethicality reflects intangible cultural heritages'recognition of social attributes of inheritors.Most of construction techniques involve ethnic,regional and folk characteristics.Many folk practices and rituals are the summary of long-term life experience of the people,as well as the result of ethnic and regional culture.They are choices of local people based on local natural ecology and social ecology,and their right to choose should be respected,including craftsmen's material selection,structural selection,component processing methods and personal techniques,which often contain local cultural elements,and reflect cultural diversity and diversifed cultural ecology.In addition,custom activities generated in the folk construction activities are an important part of construction techniques and should be respect

关 键 词：非物质文化遗产 传统营造技艺 保护原则 真实性 整体性 活态性 伦理性 身体性 

分 类 号：K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] G112[历史地理—历史学]