为什么汉语“都”是关联方向敏感的全称量化词?  

Why is Mandarin Dou a Direction⁃sensitive Universal Quantifier?

作　　者：薛博 潘海华[2] XUE Bo;PAN Haihua

机构地区：[1]香港中文大学,中国 [2]香港中文大学语言学及当代语言系,中国

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第4期500-522,共23页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：2022年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“形式语义学的汉语研究与形式语义学理论创新”(22&ZD295)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文评估最近文献中两个对现代汉语“都”的非全称量化的解释方案,包括“都”作为由“汇聚”义动词演化而来的程度/语力加强词的分析,以及“都1”向右无量化的观点。本文指出,这两个解释方案均不能证明汉语“都”不是全称量化词。基于汉英全称量化的对比,本文揭示自然语言全称量化并非不能存在例外。同时,汉语“都”和表例外短语共现时,只能推出剔除例外成分而相减的语义,则从侧面证明“都”具备全称量化力。而副词“几乎”能与“都”共现则进一步支持“都”是全称量化词。最后,文章讨论文献中提到的三个句法语义证据,都证明汉语“都”本质上是一个关联方向敏感的全称量化词:1)“都”与疑问代词的交互作用;2)只有“都”的限定域允准极项敏感词;3)“都”的左向穷尽性与右向排他性分野。This paper re⁃examines the formal semantics of Mandarin dou and demonstrates that dou is a direction⁃sensitive universal quantifier.First,the paper reviews two recent proposals which argue that Mandarin dou is not a universal quantifier,including dou as an adverbial degree intensifier evolving from a verb meaning‘to accumulate',and dou as a non⁃quantificational distributivity marker.We argue that both accounts fail to demonstrate that Mandarin dou is not a universal quantifier.We submit that one cannot claim that dou does not denote universal quantification based on the fact that dou's quantification tolerates exceptions.A further cross⁃linguistic comparison between English and Mandarin universal quantification reveals that universal quantification in natural language semantics is compatible with the presence of exceptions.Specifically,when Mandarin dou co⁃occurs with an exceptive phrase,the only available interpretation is domain subtraction,which further shows that dou has the universal quantificational force.To capture the availability of exceptions witnessed by dou's quantification,we argue that dou should be analysed as a generalized universal quantifier relating a restrictor set to its nuclear scope(Lee 1986)and propose to relativize dou's restrictor to a salient utterance situation s0,which is further determined by a contextual assignment function.Moreover,we discuss three pieces of evidence supporting dou as a direction⁃sensitive universal quantifier,including varying interpretations of wh⁃pronouns,Mandarin polarity⁃sensitive items only licensed by dou's exhaustiveness via leftward association and the differentiation between dou's exhaustiveness and exclusiveness in focus⁃sensitive contexts.1)Building on Jiang and Pan(2013)and Feng and Pan(2018),a closer investigation of Mandarin dou and its interaction with all wh⁃pronouns reveals that dou is direction⁃sensitive;the direction⁃sensitive dou also demonstrates that exhaustivity,a concept extensively investigated in formal semantics

关 键 词：都 全称量化词 汉英对比 关联方向敏感 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]