莫高窟第61窟甬道由元末西夏遗民重修新证  

New Evidence Verifying that the Corridor in Mogao Cave 61was Renovated by Descendants of the Western Xia during the Late Yuan Dynasty

作　　者：杨富学[1] YANG Fuxue(Division of Humanities Research,Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou 730030,Gansu)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院人文研究部,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2023年第4期187-199,共13页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“敦煌多元文化交融与中华民族共同体意识”(22VRC025)。

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟第61窟被多数学者认定为西夏窟,主要依据在于该窟出现有夏汉合璧僧人题记和西夏装僧人画像。学术界存在一种误解,认为西夏文在元代基本不再使用,其实,不管是黑水城还是他地,西夏文相当流行,真正意义上的《西夏文大藏经》的首次刊刻与其后反复印制都是在元代完成的。按照西夏规定,西夏文地位在其他文字之上,而莫高窟第61窟榜题的汉文写于西夏文之前,与西夏文“特重”的情况相反;从黄道十二宫中处女座与人马座来看,不具西夏服饰特点,却有元代特色;甬道南壁的龙纹,与中原、西夏的温驯风格差别很大,却接近西亚、回鹘的凶猛风格,当与元代色目人大量入居敦煌有关。尤为重要的是,西夏助缘僧像覆盖于蒙古文题记之上,可作为铁证,证明莫高窟第61窟甬道壁画为元代之物。Mogao cave 61 has previously been regarded as a Western Xia cave by the majority of scholars based mainly on the presence of a Tangut-Chinese inscription and an image of a monk in Tangut clothing found in the cave.There is,however,a misunderstanding among academia that tends to believe that Tangut script was no longer used by the Yuan dynasty.In fact,Tangut script was very popular both in KharaKhoto and other places;a clear example of this is that the first publication and later reprints of a famous version of the Tripitaka from the Western Xia was only truly finalized in the Yuan dynasty.According to the regulations of the Western Xia,Tangut script was to be considered superior to other languages;the fact that Chinese characters were written before the Tangut text in the bilingual inscription in Mogao cave 61 is clearly contrary to this principle.In terms of the paintings found in the cave,an image of the Virgo and Sagittarius zodiac signs is depicted with clothing that bear no Tangut characteristics,but that do have several features from Yuan dynasty dress.A dragon motif painted on the south wall of the corridor differs greatly from the gentler styles characteristic of both the Central Plains and the Western Xia,and instead appears to be more similar to the bolder styles of Western Asia and Uighurtribes,a fact that is likely related to the presence of a large number of semuren 色 目 人(a general name used during the Yuan dynasty to refer to various ethnicities from Central Asia,Western Asia and Europe in the Yuan dynasty,including Turkic,Sogdian,Tibetan,Tangut,Persian and Arabic peoples) that settled in Dunhuang during the Yuan dynasty.Finally and most notably,a portrait of an assistant monk of the Western Xia was found to have been painted over the Mongolian version of the inscription,from which it can be definitively concluded that the corridor in Mogao cave 61 was renovated in the Yuan dynasty.

关 键 词：夏汉合璧题记 蒙古服饰 龙纹 西夏助缘僧像 蒙古文题记 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]