论核污染损害的国际索赔问题——马绍尔群岛对美国索赔的实践及启示  

Issues in International Claims for Nuclear Damage--A Study of Marshall Islands'Claims against the United States

作　　者：罗欢欣[1,2] Luo Huanxin

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所 [2]中国社会科学院海洋法治研究中心,北京100720

出　　处：《亚太安全与海洋研究》2023年第5期83-103,I0004,共22页Asia-Pacific Security and Maritime Affairs

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大研究专项(编号:22VHQ005)。

摘　　要：马绍尔群岛因美国核试验而受到的污染损害被称为世界上最严重的人道主义灾难之一,但它的悲惨遭遇直到20世纪80—90年代才被国际社会知晓。自20世纪80年代初争取独立建国开始,马绍尔群岛岛民及政府在几十年内,几乎穷尽了国内外的各种政治与法律途径对美索赔。索赔取得了一定效果,但美国的赔偿金额远未实现对马绍尔群岛实际损害的足额补偿。马绍尔群岛所经历的索赔程序和运用的索赔方法,具有重要的经验价值。梳理马绍尔群岛对美索赔的路径与方法,可以管窥核污染损害国际索赔涉及的主要问题。鉴于日本排放福岛核污染水可能造成海洋污染损害,探讨核污染损害的国际索赔实践更具紧迫性。The environmental damage in the Republic of the Marshall Islands(RMI),as a result of the US Nuclear testing legacy,is the“cruelest”environmental injustice in world history,but its tragic suffering was only gradually known by the international community between 1980 and 1990.For decades since the struggle for independence started in the early 1980s,the government of the RMI and her people(hereinafter referred to as“Marshall Islands”)have almost exhausted various political and legal methods both nationally and internationally,to claim against the United States for their damage.Although they have received some compensation,the total amount paid by the US is far from compensating the Marshall Islands for their actual loss.The procedures and methods used in Marshall Islands'claims have important empirical value,but there is few research in academic circles of China.Considering that Japan implement the plan to discharge nuclear contaminated water from Fukushima into the sea,which may affect the whole marine ecology and harm all mankind,it is necessary and urgent to discuss the theory and practice of international nuclear damage compensation claims.The Marshall Islands compensation case,which served as a reference case,revealed the main issues in international nuclear damage compensation claims,which could provide potentially harmed countries and people with some ideas on how to deal with Japan's action of discharging contaminated water into the sea.

关 键 词：马绍尔群岛 核污染损害 国际索赔 福岛核事故 核污染水 国家责任 

分 类 号：D999.2[政治法律—国际法学]