明代黄观“三元”说之误及其流传原因  

On the Error of the Statement that Huang Guan is Sanyuan in the Ming Dynasty and the Reasons for its Dissemination

作　　者：郭培贵 Guo Peigui

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学历史学院,安徽芜湖241000

出　　处：《江西社会科学》2023年第7期158-171,208,共15页Jiangxi Social Sciences

摘　　要：著名的建文忠臣黄(许)观是洪武二十四年考中的明代首个会、状“二元”,在此后的160余年间,史籍或载其为状元,或载其为会、状“二元”;但嘉靖后期,陈建在其《皇明通纪》中却臆断黄观为解、会、状“三元”。然而,在黄观有可能参加的洪武各科乡试中,解元都另有其人,而非黄观,故该说遭到此后明人编纂的几乎所有当代科举文献、明清编撰的诸多明史文献、清修地方志中的《黄观传》以及不少专门订补《皇明通纪》文献的摒弃和否定,严肃的明史文献都一致肯定明代科举“三元”唯商辂一人。黄观“三元”说产生的原因主要有二:一是陈建学风不够严谨,由同情黄观而凭空拔高其科名;二是黄观的“二元”身份为拔高其为“三元”提供了条件。黄观“三元”说不仅对后世诸多史书产生了负面影响,也对历史小说产生了消极影响;当今学界仍有因袭该说者,则是缺乏求真、严谨和实事求是的学风所致。Huang(Xu)Guan,the famous loyal official of Emperor Jianwen,was the first one to be both Huiyuan and Zhuangyuan in the Ming Dynasty in the 24th year of Hongwu’s examination.For over 160 years after that,some historical records either credited him as the top-ranked scholar(“Zhuangyuan”)or as a scholar who achieved both the first and second place(“Zhuangyuan”and“Huiyuan”).However,in the later period of the Jiajing reign,Chen Jian,in his work“Huang Ming Tong Ji”,speculated without evidence that Huang Guan was a top three scholar(“san-yuan”),meaning he achieved the first,second,and third place.Therefore,this opinion was negated by almost all documents of that time about imperial examination compiled by people in the Ming Dynasty,many documents of the Ming Dynasty compiled in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Huang Guan Biography in the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty,and many documents specially revised and supplemented to Huang Ming Tong Ji.The serious documents of the Ming Dynasty all unanimously confirmed that Shang Lu was the only Sanyuan in the imperial ex-amination of the Ming Dynasty.There are two main reasons for the statement that Huang Guan was Sanyuan:the first one is that Chen Jian’s style of research is not rigorous enough,so he raised Huang Guan’s status in imperial examination achievement system without foundation out of sympathy.The sec-ond is that Huang Guan’s Er-yuan status provides conditions for raising it to Sanyuan.The Statement that Huang Guan is Sanyuan not only has a negative impact on many later historical works,but also has a negative influence on historical novels.There still is someone clinging to this statement in contemporary academic circles,which is caused by the lack of dedication to truth,rigor,and objectivity in their aca-demic approach.

关 键 词：明代 黄观 科举 三元 陈建 《皇明通纪》 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]