艾希曼、平庸之恶与服从行为研究犹太创伤与社会心理学的另类叙事  

Eichmann,The Banality of Evil and Obedience Research:Jewish Trauma and Alternative Narrative of Social Psychology

作　　者：周晓虹[1] ZHOU Xiaohong

机构地区：[1]南京大学社会学院

出　　处：《社会》2023年第4期72-96,共25页Chinese Journal of Sociology

基　　金：南京大学双一流建设之卓越研究计划“社会学理论与中国研究”(NJU-ZYR-01005)项目资助。

摘　　要：在社会心理学的历史上,他人或群体对个体的影响会使其行为发生怎样的改变,一直是一个引人关注又成果丰硕的领域。纳粹德国在第二次世界大战中对犹太人的疯狂屠戮,以及执行者在屠戮过程中通过“恪尽职守”表现出的机械、冷酷与无情,在引发阿伦特有关“平庸之恶”讨论的同时,也在社会心理学领域酿就了以米尔格拉姆的“服从行为”研究为主导的实验。这一实验在学理上可以追溯到勒温、谢里夫和阿希在该领域中的一系列先行研究,而在现实中则源自犹太世界长期以来尤其是在第二次世界大战中遭受的肉体和心灵的双重创伤。正是犹太人长期以来遭受的苦难,使得从众和服从的话题成为犹太裔社会心理学家挥之不去的梦魇及绵长的另类叙事。In the history of social psychology,the influence of others or groups on individual behavior has always been an interesting and fruitful field.At the very beginning,Lewin attempted to use the concept of“group dynamics”to explore the interaction of various potential dynamics in groups,the influence of groups on individual behavior,and the psychological relationship among group members.Later,Sherif and Asch each applied experimental methods to confirm the extent to which individual judgment was influenced by other people’s or group norms.Further,Nazi Germany’s frenzied massacre of Jews in World War Ⅱ,as well as the mechanical,cold and ruthless performance of executioners like Eichmann for“fulfilling their duties”not only triggered Arendt’s discussion about“the banality of evil”but also led to the obedience behavior experiments in the field of social psychology by Milgram.If Arendt profoundly revealed the darkness of human nature hidden behind the daily routines,then Milgram proved that people under pressure indeed had a tendency to blindly follow.In fact,both Arendt’s insights and Milgram’s experiments are directly derived from the long term physical and spiritual trauma that the Jews suffered in World War Ⅱ.It is the long time suffering of Jewish people that makes the issue of conformity and obedience a haunting nightmare for Jewish scholars,and also a lasting alternative narrative in the field of social psychology.If one considers that all kinds of network chaos caused by the development of communication in contemporary society,especially the fact that“cyber violence”may bring about“the banality of evil”once again,this discussion certainly holds very significant value.

关 键 词：犹太创伤 艾希曼 平庸之恶 社会心理学 从众与服从 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学] C912.6[哲学宗教—心理学]