虚拟财产犯罪数额认定标准的顺位安排  

The sequence arrangement of the criteria for determiningthe amount of virtual property crimes

作　　者：张宜培 范永虎 ZHANG Yipei;FAN Yonghu(School of Criminal Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042,China;Shanghai Jinshan District People’s Procuratorate,Shanghai 200540,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学刑事法学院,上海200042 [2]上海市金山区人民检察院,上海200540

出　　处：《重庆邮电大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期59-71,共13页Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目:网络时代的社会治理与刑法体系的理论创新研究(20&ZD199);华东政法大学苏惠渔刑法学研究基金项目:涉数字人民币犯罪的刑法规制研究。

摘　　要：目前学界对于虚拟财产犯罪问题的研究更侧重于定性,而忽视了数额认定。但事实上,虚拟财产犯罪数额的合理认定对虚拟财产的法律保护至关重要,数额的合理认定不仅有利于虚拟财产犯罪的妥当量刑,更有助于实现虚拟财产犯罪的准确定性。在司法实践中,关于虚拟财产犯罪数额的认定标准有五种:商家定价标准、违法所得数额标准、被害人损失数额标准、鉴定价格标准以及最低金额标准,同一(类)案件中出现不同认定标准的现象十分突出。类型化分析模式遭到逻辑不周延、自相矛盾等诘难。原则阶段模式存在说理不充分、系统性思考欠缺等不足。要素分析模式具有内容模糊不清、缺乏司法可操作性等缺陷。综合认定模式无法解决在多种认定标准相冲突时司法机关的抉择困境。应当从方法论层面对虚拟财产犯罪数额的认定标准做以下顺位安排:第一顺位标准包括违法所得数额和被害人实际损失,第二顺位标准包括鉴定价格、交易价格以及商家定价。以顺位模式作为认定虚拟财产犯罪数额的范式,是平衡被害人利益保护和被告人权利保障之间的关系、实现预防犯罪刑罚目的的要求。对虚拟财产犯罪数额认定做如此顺位安排,不仅可以有效克服既有模式的缺陷,明晰虚拟财产犯罪数额的认定标准,更能有效规范司法自由裁量权,确保公平正义的实现。At present,the research on virtual property crime in academic circles focuses more on characterization,while ignoring the determination of amount.But in fact,the reasonable determination of the amount of virtual property crime is also crucial to the legal protection of virtual property.The reasonable determination of the amount is not only conducive to the proper sentencing of virtual property crime,but also to the accurate characterization of virtual property crime.In judicial practice,there are five standards for the determining of the amount of virtual property crime:merchant pricing standard,illegal income amount standard,victim loss amount standard,appraisal price standard and minimum amount standard,and the phenomenon of different determination standards in the same(category)case is very prominent.The typed analysis mode has been criticized for its lack of logic and self-contradiction.The principle-stage model has shortcomings such as insufficient reasoning and lack of systematic thinking.The element analysis mode has the defects of ambiguous content and lack of judicial operability.The comprehensive identification model cannot solve the dilemma of how the judicial organs should choose when multiple identification standards are in conflict.From the methodological level,the following order should be arranged for the criteria for determining the amount of virtual property crime:the first order standard includes the amount of illegal gain and the actual loss of the victim;the second order standard includes appraisal price,transaction price and merchant pricing.It is necessary to balance the relationship between the protection of the victim’s interests and the safeguarding of the defendant’s rights,and to realize the purpose of crime prevention penalty.Such a ranking arrangement for the determination of the amount of virtual property crimes can not only effectively overcome the defects of the existing model,clarify the standard for the determination of the amount of virtual property crimes,but also effectiv

关 键 词：虚拟财产 犯罪数额 认定标准 方法论 顺位安排 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]