旱区有机肥替代氮肥对多年连作土壤理化性质和马铃薯品质的影响  

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Physical Chemistry Properties and Potato Quality under Continuous Cropping in Arid Area

作　　者：胡新元[1] 柳永强[2] 谢奎忠[2] 孙小花 罗爱花[2] Hu Xinyuan;Liu Yongqiang;Xie Kuizhong;Sun Xiaohua;Luo Aihua(Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China;Potato Research Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省农业科学院马铃薯研究所,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《作物杂志》2023年第4期159-164,共6页Crops

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31560172);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503001-7);甘肃省农业科学院科研条件建设及成果转化项目(2017GAAS91)。

摘　　要：化肥减施和有机肥替代化肥是现阶段绿色优质栽培的重要农业措施。以当地传统施肥为对照,设置NR15/C5(无机氮减量15%+有机氮替代补偿5%)、NR30/C10(无机氮减量30%+有机氮替代补偿10%)、NR45/C15(无机氮减量45%+有机氮替代补偿15%)、NR60/C20(无机氮减量/60%+有机氮替代补偿20%)4个减氮替代处理,研究有机肥替代部分氮肥对土壤容重、盐度、养分、酶活性以及马铃薯生长、品质的影响。结果表明,随着有机肥替代氮肥量的增加,马铃薯株高、产量、干物质含量和相对叶绿素含量总体较对照增加,呈先增大后减小趋势,NR45/C15较对照增量达显著水平;马铃薯茎粗、蛋白质、有机质、酸性蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加,土壤全磷和有效磷含量增大,NR45/C15和NR60/C20处理较对照均显著提高;土壤pH、盐度、全氮和碱解氮含量减少。说明在有机肥替代部分氮肥模式中2种不同形态氮素通过消解与吸收方式形成优劣互补和供肥平衡,提高了马铃薯对肥料的利用效率,改善了土壤结构,促进了马铃薯生长和干物质积累。Reducing chemical fertilizer and replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer are important agricultural measures for green and high-quality cultivation at present.Compared with traditional fertilization(CK),four treatments of fertilizer replacing mode,NR15/C5(inorganic N reduction by 15%and organic N substitution by 5%),NR30/C10(inorganic N reduction by 30%and organic N substitution by 10%),NR45/C15(inorganic N reduction by 45%and organic N substitution by 15%)and NR60/C20(inorganic N reduction by 60%and organic N substitution by 20%),were set.The effects of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer on soil physical properties,nutrient,enzyme activities,growth and quality of potato were studied.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer replacement,potato plant height,yield,dry matter content and relative chlorophyll content increased compared with the control,increasing first and then decreasing,and NR45/C15 reached a significant level compared with the control increment.Potato stem thick,protein,organic matter,acid protease and alkaline phosphatase activities increased,soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus increased,NR45/C15 and NR60/C20 treatments increased significantly;soil pH,salinity,total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen contents decreased.It was showed that in the mode of replacing part of nitrogen fertilizer,two forms of nitrogen formed complementary and fertilizer balance through digestion and absorption,increased the utilization efficiency of fertilizer,improved soil structure,and promoted potato growth and dry matter accumulation.

关 键 词：旱区 马铃薯 氮肥减量 有机肥替代 土壤特性 品质 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学]