重新发现“儿童”:对武雅士与卢蕙馨经典田野资料的再阐释  

Rediscovering"the Child":A Re-analysis of Arthur and Margery Wolf's Classic Fieldnotes

作　　者：许晶 XU Jing

机构地区：[1]美国华盛顿大学人类学系

出　　处：《社会学评论》2023年第5期65-88,共24页Sociological Review of China

基　　金：美国维纳-格兰基金会、美国教育科学院、斯宾塞基金会等的资助。

摘　　要：人类学家武雅士与卢蕙馨1958-1960年在台北盆地汉人村庄的田野调查是欧美第一个关于汉人社会儿童与育儿的人类学研究,也是汉学人类学、心理人类学以及跨文化儿童发展研究相遇的重要历史节点。该研究是人类学与心理学理论融合以及混合方法论的经典产物,然而这批宝贵的田野资料在60年后才重见天日。笔者对这些资料的重新分析,既是在历史脉络和田野境遇中回味二位前辈理论生成之过程,又是面向当下跨学科视野,结合前沿理论与方法论,赋予历史资料以新的生命力的尝试。本文试图通过回顾经典田野资料、梳理学科历史,重新发现“儿童”:以“儿童打架”为案例,将分析焦点从“育儿”转向作为主体的“儿童”,从儿童视角再诠释所谓的“传统汉人家庭”,并回归人类学整体论的愿景,探讨合作与道德的起源、行为意义的阐释与人类学习等基础问题。Arthur and Margery Wolf's fieldwork in Taiwan from 1958 to 1960 was the first research on Han Chinese children and child-rearing in Euro-American anthropology.It marked a significant moment when Sinology,psychological anthropology,and cross-cultural child development studies intersected.This research is a classic product of the integration of anthropology and psychology theories and mixed-methods methodology.However,these valuable field notes did not see the light of day until sixty years later.My re-analysis starts with a retrorrspective exploration of how classic theories were generated in their historical contexts and fieldwork processes.I also aim to give a new life to old field notes by combining cutting-edge theories and methodologies from contemporary interdisciplinary perspectives.This paper reviews the Wolfs'classic fieldwork,traces the history of American anthropology and its subdisciplines,and rediscovers"the child":using"children's fighting"as a case study,I shift the analytical focus from"child-rearing"to"children"as agents,and reinterpret"traditional Han Chinese family"from the perspective of children.To return to anthropological holism,I explore fundamental issues such as the origins of human cooperation and morality,the meaning-interpretation of social behavior,and the mystery of human learning.

关 键 词：民族志 田野笔记 跨学科 儿童 家庭 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理] C913.5[社会学]