从资产阶级自由概念看“自由”的堕落——阿多诺对于康德自由学说的批判及其启示  

To Analyze the Depravity of“Freedom”from the Perspective of the Concept of Bourgeois Freedom—Adorno's Criticism of Kant s Theory of Freedom and Its Enlightenment

作　　者：王晓升[1] WANG Xiaosheng(School of Philosophy,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学哲学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《华南理工大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期50-60,共11页Journal of South China University of Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“阿多诺现代性批判理论深度研究”(19BZX002)。

摘　　要：康德的先验自由概念典型地代表了资产阶级的利益,是资产阶级自由观的代表。这个自由观对于科学观的态度反映了资产阶级对于自由的两种态度,即既需要自由又否定自由。资产阶级自由观所表现出来的这两种态度从不同方面以自由的名义来否定自由。从阿多诺的分析中可以看出,自由之中一定包含冲动,自由就是对不自由的否定,不存在给定的自由。如果自由是先验的,是给定的,那么自由就会变成高高在上的人的自我欺骗,就会变成纯粹形式的自由。而这种纯粹形式的自由之中就会被偷偷摸摸地塞进经验的内容,自由就会变成心理上的“自恋”,甚至还会包含种族主义的要素。而当代资产阶级在宣称自己国家是自由国家时就是把自由当作既定的、肯定的东西,并拥有这种东西。他们由此而陷入疯狂的自恋之中,并且以“自由”为借口对其他国家进行征服和掠夺,变成了康德所说的“最坏的恶棍”。Kant s concept of transcendental freedom typically represents the interests of the bourgeoisie and is the representative of the bourgeois concept of freedom.This view of freedom,from its attitude towards the view of science,reflects two conflicting attitudes of the bourgeoisie towards freedom,that is,it both needs freedom and denies freedom.The two attitudes of the bourgeois view of freedom will negate freedom in the name of freedom from different aspects.From Adorno's analysis,freedom must contain impulse,and freedom is the negation of non-freedom,and there is no given freedom.If freedom is transcendental,and if it is given,then freedom becomes the self-deception of the people at the top of pyramid,and it becomes freedom in its pure form.The content of experience will be surreptitiously inserted into this pure form of freedom,and this kind of freedom will become psychological“narcissism”,and even contain the elements of racism.When the contemporary bourgeoisie declares its country to be a free country,it regards freedom as a given and certain thing and owns it.Thus,they fell into the crazy narcissism,and under the pretext of“freedom”to conquer and plunder other countries,and became what Kant called“the worst villain”.

关 键 词：自由 阿多诺 康德 资产阶级意识形态 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]