氮肥减施对不同品种马铃薯生长发育的影响  

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on the Growth and Development of Different Potato Varieties

作　　者：华玉晨 解国庆[1] 范书华[1] 王艳[1] 张丽微 赵云彤[1] 时新瑞[1] 董清山[1] HUA Yuchen;XIE Guoqing;FAN Shuhua;WANG Yan;ZHANG Liwei;ZHAO Yuntong;SHI Xinrui;DONG Qingshan(Mudanjiang Branch,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Mudanjiang,Heilongjiang 157000,China)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院,黑龙江牡丹江157000

出　　处：《中国马铃薯》2023年第4期329-337,共9页Chinese Potato Journal

基　　金：牡丹江市应用技术研究与开发计划(HT2022FG016);黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院2022年度分院级项目(2022001)。

摘　　要：中国用占世界7%的耕地消耗了全球35%的化肥,大量且不合理的化肥投入导致种植成本增加。随着农药化肥双减政策的推出,如何减少氮肥投入的同时确保粮食稳产,已是马铃薯产业实现可持续发展亟待解决的主要问题。选育和推广氮素高效吸收和利用的马铃薯品种是实现中国马铃薯生产可持续健康发展的一条重要途径。试验以‘东农310’‘兴佳2号’‘牡育薯3’‘早大白‘’中薯早35’和‘麦肯1号’为供试材料,设置3个施肥梯度分别为无氮(0)、低氮(90 kg/hm^(2))和常规氮(180 kg/hm^(2)),综合分析其氮素积累与氮效率差异。在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期随着氮肥的施入整体可显著升高大部分马铃薯品种的干物质积累量和株高。在低氮处理下,‘兴佳2号’和‘中薯早35’产量显著高于其他4个品种(‘麦肯1号’除外,‘麦肯1号’与‘兴佳2号’二者差异不显著)。在低氮和常规施氮处理下,‘东农310’的氮素吸收效率较高,分别为7.26%和7.49%,但其氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力较低,并且其产量与其他品种相比并未有显著的优势,其干物质积累量较多,可能由于其所积累的氮素主要转运到地上植株。‘牡育薯3’和‘中薯早35’在N 90 kg/hm^(2)处理下的氮素农学利用率较高分别为75.42和96.38 kg/kg,说明这两个品种随着氮肥的施入,产量得到了显著的提升。‘中薯早35’在N 90 kg/hm^(2)处理下的氮素偏生产力最高为219.36 kg/kg。对光合色素的研究发现,块茎形成期的光合色素含量高于块茎膨大期,‘麦肯1号’有更长的光合作用持续时间。因此,在氮肥减施的情况下,‘兴佳2号’和‘中薯早35’可达到较高的产量水平,‘东农310’的氮素吸收效率能力较强,但产量相对较低。China uses 7%of the world's arable land to consume 35%of the world's chemical fertilizer,and a large amount of unreasonable chemical fertilizer inputs lead to increased planting costs.With the introduction of the policy of double reduction of pesticides and fertilizers,how to reduce the nitrogen fertilizer input while ensuring the stable yield of potato crops has become the main problem to be solved urgently for the sustainable development of the potato industry.Breeding and popularizing potato varieties with efficient nitrogen absorption and utilization are an important way to realize the sustainable and healthy development of potato production in China.In this experiment,'Dongnong 310','Xingjia 2','Muyushu 3','Zaodabai','Zhongshuzao 35',and'Innovator'were used as test materials,and three fertilizer gradients were set as nitrogen free(0),low nitrogen(90 kg/ha),and regular nitrogen(180 kg/ha),to comprehensively analyze the differences in nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen efficiency.The dry matter accumulation and plant height of most potato varieties were significantly increased with the application of nitrogen fertilizer in the tuber formation and tuber bulking stages.Under the treatment of low nitrogen,the yields of'Xingjia 2'and'Zhongshuzao 35'were significantly higher than that of the other four varieties(except'Innovator',which was not significantly different from'Xingjia 2').Under the treatments of low nitrogen and regular nitrogen application,the nitrogen recovery efficiency of'Dongnong 310'was higher,which was 7.26%and 7.49%,respectively,but its nitrogen agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen were lower.Furthermore,its yield did not have a significant advantage compared with other varieties.Its dry matter accumulation was higher,possibly due to the accumulation of nitrogen mainly transported to above-ground part of plants.The nitrogen agronomic efficiency of'Muyushu 3'and'Zhongshuzao 35'under N 90 kg/ha treatment was higher,75.42 and 96.38 kg/kg,respectively,indicating t

关 键 词：马铃薯 氮肥 生长 产量 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学] S143.1