唐宋时期官衔的兴起  

The Rise of Official Titles in the Tang and Song Dynasties

作　　者：周佳[1] Zhou Jia(School of History,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学历史学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第8期101-110,共10页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目。

摘　　要：官衔起于唐,兴于宋,沿用至清。与官名相比,官衔更强调整体性、连续性。其产生的历史条件至唐宋方齐备成熟,主要包括:全国官员人事任免统一收归中央;官员个人品阶连续不断,不会因职位中断而清零;由各种综合要素累积而成的资历,成为职位除授的统一标准。唐宋时期,官员署衔必须严格以朝廷授官文书为准。当时差遣日渐增多,入衔与否即一种差遣任务的称呼能否成为固定官衔,成为经常被讨论的问题。与唐代相比,宋代新增差遣入衔流程较快,入衔后也会随时调整官衔文字,这导致宋代官衔繁复冗杂,又反映出宋代官制灵活务实的特点。The term"official title"was adopted during the Tang Dynasty for the first time and was widely used during the Song Dynasty.The emergence of this historical phenomenon is not accidental,which has not been,however,given due attention in the academia.This paper discusses the meaning of the term"official title"and the reasons for its emergence in the Tang and Song Dynasties.The earliest explanation of the term"official title"in historical records comes from the book Fengshi Wenjian Ji written by Feng Yan in the Tang Dynasty.Feng Yan had lived in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.He recorded the emergence of"official title"as a new phenomenon of his days."Official title"has twofold connotations.The first is the continuity of the new official names and old official names.When the central government grants official titles,the new official names must be in connection with the old ones without interruption.The second is for the control on the part of the central government over the appointment and removal of officials throughout the country.There are three main historical conditions for the emergence of""official titles".First of all,the central government centralized the appointment and removal of officials throughout the country.Only the central government had the power to grant official titles,and all the power of officials came directly from the central authority.Therefore,the awarding and receiving of official titles had a bipartite significance:the central government,through granting official'titles,recognizing the identity and power of officials and an official by accepting his official title showing his recognition and obedience to the central government.Secondly,officials had a bureaucratic rank that pertained to himself and would not be lost upon the interruption,of the post.Thirdly,qualifications acquired through background,years of official service,service experience and merits became the most important criteria for the assignment of the posts.It was not until the Tang Dynasty that all the above conditions appe

关 键 词：唐宋 官衔 资历 差遣 

分 类 号：D691.4[政治法律—政治学] K242[政治法律—中外政治制度] K244[历史地理—历史学]