良知如何先天存在与反观自证?——对良知呈现与假定之争的再思考  

How Does Conscience Exist Congenitally and Prove Itself Through Reflection:Rethinking on the Debate over Whether Conscience Is Presented or Assumed

作　　者：李海超 LI Hai-chao(School of Marxism,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210046,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学马克思主义学院,江苏南京210046

出　　处：《兰州大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期110-118,共9页Journal of Lanzhou University（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“先秦儒家伦理的情感逻辑研究”(19ZXB115)。

摘　　要：在熊十力与冯友兰关于良知是呈现还是假定的争论中,后者较少获得学界的支持。但如果跳出儒家心学义理系统,而对此问题做客观的哲学分析,就会发现传统心学之良知呈现论内含的三个基本观念“良知是本体”“良知先验具足”“良知反观自证”(逆觉体证)均包含假定—先天预设—的成分。就此而言,冯友兰的良知假定论具有一定的合理性。人的现实的良知不是绝对内在的事物,其形成和发展不可避免地受到外在公共性准则和生活情境的影响。良知之自觉,或者指的是证见内化于心之道德准则、道德情境的情感感受,或者指的是察识此道德准则、情境、情感感受的智性直观。这样的良知不是绝对本体、不具有创生自然界和见证先验观念的能力。不过,它也不是绝对假定的观念,其在形成以后仍可在人心中直觉地呈现。儒家道德哲学的现代开展,应采纳此种良知观念。In the debate between Xiong Shili and Feng Youlan over whether conscience is presented or assumed,Feng’s view of assumed conscience gains less support among the academia.But if we conduct an objective philosophical analysis on this question beyond the system of Confucian mind theory and rationale,we can find that all the three fundamental conceptions in traditional mind theory of presented conscience,namely,“conscience is ontological”,“conscience is transcendental”,and“conscience proves itself through reflection”(the reverse realization of conscience),contain assumptions(congenital presuppositions).Therefore,Feng’s theory is somewhat rational.Human’s actual conscience is not absolutely internal,for its formation and development are inevitably affected by external public norms and life situations.The selfconsciousness of conscience either refers to the affective sensitivity of witnessing the internalized moral norms and situations or to the intellectual intuition of recognizing such norms,situations and affective sensitivity.Such a conscience is not an absolute ontology,so it does not have the capacity to create nature and witness transcendental ideas.However,it is not an absolute assumption either,as it can still intuitively appear in the human mind after its formation.Therefore,the modern Confucian moral philosophy should adopt this conception of conscience.

关 键 词：良知呈现 良知假定 良知本体 逆觉体证 熊十力 冯友兰 牟宗三 

分 类 号：B262[哲学宗教—中国哲学]