《庄子》“存在”概念的四个维度及其形而上学体系的建构  

Four Dimensions of the Concept“Being”in Zhuangzi and the Construction of Its Metaphysical System

作　　者：冯治库 刘静 FENG Zhi-ku;LIU Jing(School of Philosophy and Sociology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学哲学社会学院,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《兰州大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期119-128,共10页Journal of Lanzhou University（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：“存在”是形而上学的核心概念,《庄子》一书对于“存在”有着极为精彩的论述,其中包含具有紧密联系的四个维度:首先,拈出“未始有物”,以“未始有”表达作为“非存在”的绝对之“无”,同时与否定性的“无”相区分;其次,紧跟“未始有物”,提出“未始有封”,以“未始有”否定“封”这一含有区分、界限等含义的概念,由此彰显对作为“存在”本身的纯粹之“有”的理解;第三,顺次言“未有是非”,通过否定“是非”这样作为判断基本形式的语词,以揭示对作为现象之本体的“自在之物”的理解;第四,最后独标“是非之彰”,这是对知识和语言所构造的世界的表述。在这四个维度之中,“非存在”不是“存在”,但“存在”因之而凸显。《庄子》还特别区分了“存在”与“自在之物”,前者是“存在”本身,后者是作为具体之物的“存在者”。在对待“是非”上,《庄子》尤具特色,指出“是非”固然使道亏缺,但人类对事物的认识恰恰以“是非”为前提。关于“存在”这四个维度的描述,表现了《庄子》在存在论上所达到的高度,由此也建构了中国古代的形而上学体系。A core concept of metaphysics,“being”is impressively expounded in Zhuangzi from four closely interconnected dimensions of cognition.The first is that,“no being existed from the very beginning”,which conveys the absolute concept of“non-being”to distinguish from the negative concept of“nothing”.The second,based on the first dimension,is that“there was no differentiation among beings”,which demonstrates an understanding for the“identity”of“being”.The third is that,“there is no right and wrong”,which reveals a comprehension of the“thing-in-itself”as a noumenon of phenomena by rejecting concepts like“right and wrong”as the fundamental mode of judgment.The fourth is that,“distinctions are made between right and wrong”,which features the world constructed by knowledge and language.In these four dimensions,“non-being”is not the“being”,but it draws attention to a“being”.Additionally,“being”is distinguished from“thing-in-itself”.The former is“a fundamental concept”,while the latter is the“existence”,an existing object.Zhuangzi contains special view on“right and wrong”by pointing out that although distinction between“right and wrong”makes the Tao flawed,human understanding of world is precisely built on“right and wrong”.The expounding of the four dimensions of“being”demonstrates that Zhuangzi attains a high level in the theory of being,and thus constructed the metaphysical system of ancient China.

关 键 词：《庄子》 形而上学体系 非存在 存在 自在之物 是非 

分 类 号：B223.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]