清代湖南的押租制与土地金融  

Rent Deposit and Land Finance in Hunan during the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：杨丰宁 Yang Fengning

机构地区：[1]厦门大学历史与文化遗产学院,厦门361005

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2023年第5期30-46,共17页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：本文主要利用湖南省湘潭县档案馆所藏的一批清代土地契约文书,对清代湖南的押租制进行考察。清代湖南押租制的主要功能经历了演变,即从地租保证金功能转变为地权交易功能和金融功能。嘉庆年间以后,湖南押租制的金融功能趋于成熟,押租相当于田主向佃户的借贷,押租的利率与市场借贷利率相等,且有单利和复利之别,押租的利率受粮价波动影响,押租本金的数额可通过“加押减租”和“减押加租”机制进行自由调节。佃户的押租债权以土地产权作为担保,田主若无力偿还押租债务,就必须绝卖土地以偿债或让渡土地产权以抵债。田主还可在多种土地产权让渡的场合进行押租债务的转移:在分家时进行押租债务转移,被作为平衡各股所得净资产、提升家庭资产使用效率的手段;在土地绝卖时进行押租债务转移,相当于为买方提供了一笔“购地贷款”;在土地捐献时进行押租债务转移,使捐主得以灵活调整实际捐赠额。清代湖南的押租制作为一种土地金融方式,体现出地权市场与金融市场的高度融通。The present study casts light on the tenancy custom of rent deposit in Hunan during the Qing dynasty based on a batch of land deeds preserved in Xiangtan County Archives of Hunan Province.The nature of Hunan's rent deposit changed from rental deposit to price of tenancy rights and a means for landlords to raise capital.The financial function of Hunan's rent deposit matured by the early years of Emperor Jiaqing's reign,when rent deposit was commonly regarded as a loan offered by the tenant to the landlord.The interest rate of rent deposit was usually set according to the lending rate on the financial market,and could be calculated at either simple interest or compound interest.Fluctuations of grain price would affect the interest rates of rent deposit,and the amount of rent deposit could be altered flexibly through the higher deposit,lower rent;lower deposit,higher rent'mechanism.The land was regarded as security for the loan.An insolvent landlord would have to sell the land or transfer the land to his or her tenant so as to pay the debt.A landlord could also transfer the debt to others on circumstances of land inheritance,land transaction or land donation.Rent deposit in Hunan served as a way of land finance,reflecting the high degree of integration between property rights market and financial market during the Qing dynasty.

关 键 词：清代 湖南 押租制 土地金融 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] F329[历史地理—中国史] F832.9[经济管理—产业经济]