约瑟夫·普里斯特利:气体化学的先驱,一意孤行的斗士  

Joseph Priestley:Pioneer of Gas Chemistry,Determined Fighter

作　　者：郭帅 GUO Shuai(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100043)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100043

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2023年第11期114-124,共11页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：约瑟夫·普里斯特利因首先发现并分离出氧气而成为科学史上的标志性人物。他撰写了《电的历史与现状》,发明了“苏打水”,发现了氧气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳等一系列新气体,并对这些气体的特性展开了研究,在电学、气体化学领域取得了诸多原创性成果,展现出高超的实验水平,使他成为了18世纪最重要的化学家之一。遗憾的是,他虽是一位娴熟的实验科学家,但在理论方面却是保守的,他漠视牛顿的数学方法,坚持为燃素说辩护,这注定无法成为化学革命的引领者。他是一名坚定的一神论者,热心政治,因支持北美独立运动与法国大革命在政治上备受打压,不得不在晚年远走美国。他是一位永不妥协的孤独的科学巨匠,激进的政治信仰与保守的科学理论让他的一生丰富多彩,激荡起伏,充满悲情色彩。Joseph Priestley was an iconic figure in the history of science for being the first to discover and isolate oxygen.He discovered a series of new gases such as oxygen,carbon dioxide,etc.,and researched the properties of these gases and invented“soda water”Although he made many original achievements in the fields of electricity and gas chemistry,he insisted on defending the phlogiston theory,which doomed him to fail to become a leader of the chemical revolution.He was suppressed for his support for the North American independence movement and the French Revolution.Therefore,he was forced to leave for America.His radical political beliefs and conservative scientific theories made his life colourful,turbulent and tinged with pathos.

关 键 词：氧气 燃素说 科学 政治 

分 类 号：O6-09[理学—化学]