怎样看待“物之存在随心转”的儒家“圆善”?  

How to View Confucian “The Highest Good” of “Existence of Things Follows Mind”?

作　　者：陈迎年[1] CHEN Yingnian

机构地区：[1]华东理工大学哲学研究所

出　　处：《哲学分析》2023年第5期23-38,196,197,共18页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助一般项目“国家与心性:牟宗三政治哲学批判”(项目编号:19FZXB063)。

摘　　要：牟宗三《圆善论》最吸引人目光的地方确实在“精神幸福”,但其讨论的结构却仍然只能是包括了“物质幸福”的广义圆善。通过区分广义与狭义圆善,强调牟宗三儒家“圆善”所能达成的只是“精神幸福”,而非康德要求的“物质幸福”,其重大意义是以极端的形式表达和强调了牟宗三儒家“圆善”在主题与结构之间存在张力的事实,把对牟宗三本人进行判教的任务推到了前台。狭义圆善或重“精神幸福”,或重“物质幸福”,有属于道德层面的,也有知识层面的,还有社会制度层面的等,广义圆善则只能是诸狭义圆善交融无间的“浑无罅缝”。如果把“物质幸福”理解为“下”,把“精神幸福”确定为“上”,牟宗三不同时期讨论的主题虽然有不同,但却拱卫了同一个“自上而下”与“自下而上”的双线往复循环结构,即所谓“‘浑无罅缝’与‘十字打开’的典型”。唯因此,不同的主题就表示某种侧重或先后等,而不是指示着牟宗三的分裂或失误。牟宗三或“自下而上”说道德,注重科学、政治、经验、事功等,甘着学究气、平庸气、烟火气;或“自上而下”讲生命,强调道德、精神、超越、心性等,自带阳刚气、挺拔气、神仙气;唯有两者相互渗透、双线往复循环成一圆圈,方有究竟极致真实的牟宗三儒家圆教圆善。Mou Zongsan’s“Theory of the Highest Good”is indeed most appealing in terms of“spiritual happiness”,but the structure of its discussion can only include“material happiness”in the broad sense of the term.By distinguishing between the broad and narrow sense of the perfect good,and emphasizing that whatMou’s Confucian“the highest good”can achieve is only“spiritual happiness”,not the“material happiness”demanded by Kant,it expresses and emphasizes in an extreme form the fact that there is a tension between thetheme and structure of Mou’s Confucianism,bringing to the forefront the task of judging Mou Zongsan himself.While the narrow sense of the perfect good emphasizes either“spiritual happiness”or“material happiness”,and has a moral dimension,an intellectual dimension,or a social system dimension,the broad sense of theperfect good can only be the intermingling of all the narrow sense of the highest good.If“material happiness”is understood as“bottom”and“spiritual happiness”as“top”.We can find that Mou’s works in different periods of time have the same“top-down”and“bottom-up”double-line reciprocating cyclic structure,that is,the so-called“typical open cross with no gaps”.Therefore,the different themes indicate a certain emphasis or sequence,rather than splits or mistakes.Mou Zongsan either focuses on science,politics,experience,and achievement,etc.,and voluntarily has a pedantic,mediocre and pyrotechnic atmosphere,and speaks of morality in“bottomup”;or emphasizes morality,spirituality,transcendence,mind and nature,etc.,and brings with him a masculine,upright and immortal atmosphere,and speaks of life in“top-down”.

关 键 词：圆善 牟宗三 物质幸福 精神幸福 自下而上 自上而下 

分 类 号：B26[哲学宗教—中国哲学]