“只见”与“但见”的功能辨异  

On the Functional Differences Between Zhijian(只见)and Danjian(但见)

作　　者：周韧[1] ZHOU Ren

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第5期757-774,共18页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“语篇视野下的汉语虚词语法范畴研究”(22JJD740005);中宣部“2019年文化名家暨‘四个一批’人才项目”的资助。

摘　　要：本文依据真实语料,对现代汉语连词“只见”与“但见”的异同进行比较。文章首先分析两者的叙述视角问题,通过调查“只见”和“但见”后接小句人称代词的使用情况,指出这些小句的人称代词主语一般是第三人称而不是第二人称,说明“只见”和“但见”引入的场景一般是从叙事者视角而不是从主语人物视角进行描述的。在此基础上,文章进一步引入一对摄影术语“长焦”和“广角”,说明“只见”和“但见”在引入事件场景时,具有不同的观察方式。文章通过调查后接小句主语的有生性和复数性,以及后接小句谓语的动态性等特点,指出:“只见”既可以对后接事件进行细节上的长焦观察,也可以进行整体上的广角观察;而“但见”一般是对后续事件进行整体上的广角观察。接下来,文章在广义话题结构的模式下,论证了“只见”和“但见”是现代汉语中的一种“述题标记”,说明“只见+后接小句”和“但见+后接小句”具有强承前性和弱启后性。从场景导入的篇章衔接功能上看,“但见”只能是对前文情节的顺接,而“只见”还可以是对前文情节的意外逆接。最后,本文简单地说明了“只见”和“只听”的异同,认为:“只见”只用于引入前景信息,而“只听”还可以引入背景信息,说明在功能语法的背景下,汉语“只+感知动词”这个类别的内部,还可以做进一步的分类。Zhijian(只见)and danjian(但见)are two Mandarin conjunctions serving as discourse markers in Chinese written language or prepared text.From the perspective of discourse function,zhijian and danjian mainly play a role in introducing new situations or scenes.Therefore,they are often followed by one or more sentences.Based on corpus data,this paper compares the similarities and differences between zhijian and danjian.The paper first focuses on identifying the narrative perspective of the two words by investigating the use of personal pronouns in the clauses introduced by zhijian and danjian.It claims that the personal pronoun subjects of these clauses are generally third-person instead of second-person pronouns,indicating that such clauses are both described from the perspective of the narrator outside the story instead of the characters inside the story.The paper further brings in a pair of photographic terms“telephoto”and“wide-angle”for zhijian and danjian,to illustrate their different perspectives in observing events.Based on the semantic property of plurality and animacy of the following clauses'subjects,as well as the dynamics of the following clauses'predicates,it shows that zhijian can depict the subsequent events in details from the telephoto lens or in outline from the wide-angle lens,while danjian usually depicts the subsequent events only from the wide-angle lens.Then,under the generalized topic-comment structure model,the paper demonstrates that zhijian and danjian are used as a“comment marker.”“Zhijian+S(sentence)”and“danjian+S”usually have strong topic-continuity with the preceding plot and a weak topic-starting functionality for the following plot.As for the cohesive function of the two words,danjian can only serve as a natural connection to the previous plot,while zhijian can also serve as an accidental reverse connection to the previous plot.The reason of such a difference can be ascribed to zhijian's telephoto lens function,which can zoom in to see details and is very suitabl

关 键 词：“只见” “但见” 长焦 广角 衔接 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]