日本构建“民族文明秩序”的逻辑冲突与矛盾心态——以近代博览会上的阿伊努人种展示为例  

Logic Conflict and Ambivalence in Constructing "National Civilization Order"in Japan:A Case Study of Ainu Racial Display in Modern Expositions

作　　者：周菲菲 Feifei Zhou

机构地区：[1]复旦大学外国语言文学学院日文系,上海200433

出　　处：《世界民族》2023年第5期77-89,共13页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：上海市浦江人才计划项目(22PJC006)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：近代世界博览会上的人种展示曾将社会达尔文主义作为理论依据,甄选、分类与展示被标签化为“野蛮”“原始”民族的身体与文化,以此将“文明”与白色人种的优越性挂钩。而明治维新后致力于“文明开化”的日本效尤西方这一“人类动物园”式的展示方法,通过在世界博览会上展示生理特征接近于白种人的北海道原住民阿伊努人,试图彰显作为黄种人的“和人”的优越性及其文明化的成果。随着这一意欲跻身“人种等级”顶端的展示方式受到西方的排斥,日本逐渐将阿伊努的展示舞台转向国内,并将其与当时的其他殖民地原住民并置,为日本在亚洲实施的“民族同化”政策正名。这种策略的转换凸显了近代日本企图构建一个“日本民族”作为东亚盟主、与白种人平等对话的话语体系,从而跃迁以欧美为中心的人种政治乃至文明秩序。The exhibition of a race at modern world’s expositions once used social Darwinism as a theoretical basis to select,classify and display the bodies and cultures of peoples labeled as“barbaric”and“primitive”in order to link“civilization”with the superiority of the white race.After the Meiji Restoration,Japan,which was committed to“civilization enlightenment”,followed the example of the Western“human zoo”to display human beings.By displaying the aboriginal Ainu people of Hokkaido,whose physical characteristics were close to those of the white race,at the World Expo,Japan tried to demonstrate the superiority of the“Yamato”as the yellow race and the achievements of their civilization.After this display,which was intended to bring the“Yamato”to the top of the“ethnic hierarchy”,was rejected by the West,Japan gradually turned the stage display of the Ainu to the domestic,and juxtaposed it with other colonial indigenous peoples at the time,to justify Japan’s policy of“ethnic assimilation”in Asia.This change of strategy highlighted the attempt of modern Japan to construct a discourse system,in which the“Japanese nation”was the leader of the East Asian alliance,to talk with the white race on an equal footing,thus leapfrogging into the ethnopolitical and even civilization order centered in Europe and the United States.

关 键 词：阿伊努 近代日本 博览会 文明 人种 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学]