效率与民主之争:博比特与杜威课程观之比较  

The Dispute Between Efficiency and Democracy:Comparison Between Bobbitt’s and Dewey’s Curriculum Views

作　　者：叶晓力 徐培鑫 YE Xiaoli;XU Peixin(Institute of Education,Xiamen University,Xiamen Fujian 361001,China;Institute of Higher Education,Anhui University,Hefei 230039,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学教育研究院,福建厦门361001 [2]安徽大学高等教育研究所,合肥230039

出　　处：《教育学报》2023年第5期39-50,共12页Journal of Educational Studies

基　　金：安徽省哲学社会科学规划青年基金项目“教学学术视域下我国研究型大学教师教学评价研究”(项目编号:AHSKQ2022D091)研究成果。

摘　　要：作为同一时代的教育家,博比特与杜威都曾深刻影响了美国公立学校的课程变革。博比特的社会效率取向课程观对美国20世纪初的学校课程发展产生了重要影响,但其伴随着经济危机的爆发趋于式微;而杜威的社会民主取向课程观则在经济危机后的课程重建中发挥了重要作用。在课程目标观上,博比特坚持“为成人生活做准备”,而杜威则强调“儿童经验的不断生长”;在课程内容观上,博比特重视协调直接经验与间接经验的结合,而杜威则更推崇直接经验的价值;在课程编制观上,博比特创造了一种基于社会逻辑的“活动分析法”,而杜威则更关注学生的身心发展规律,提出了“教材心理学化”;在课程实施观上,博比特指出只有通过大量的专门训练才能够实现预设目标,而杜威则强调“手脑并用”的亲身参与。重新审视博比特与杜威的课程观,尽管他们的课程主张存在诸多“立场对峙”,但其中亦不乏思想契合之处,如都主张教育为社会服务、都重视经验的积极作用、都遵循一定的科学逻辑以及都强调学习的亲身实践。As a contemporary educator,Bobbitt and Dewey both profoundly influenced the curriculum reform of American public schools.Bobbitt’s social-efficiency-oriented curriculum view had an important influence on the development of American school curriculum in the early 20th century,but it tended to decline with the outbreak of economic crisis.At this time,Dewey’s social-democracy-oriented curriculum view played an important role in curriculum reconstruction after the economic crisis.In terms of curriculum objectives,Bobbitt insisted on“preparing for adult life”,while Dewey emphasized“the continuous growth of children’s experience”.In terms of curriculum content,Bobbitt attached importance to direct and indirect organizational experience and emphasizes practicability,while Dewey emphasized that the value of direct experience.In terms of curriculum compilation,Bobbitt created an“activity analysis method”based on social logic,while Dewey paid more attention to the law of students’physical and mental development,proposed the“teaching material psychology”.In terms of curriculum implementation,Bobbitt believed that a lot of specialized training can achieve the preset goal,while Dewey emphasized on“hand and brain”hands-on participation.After reviewing the curriculum views of Bobbitt and Dewey again,we find that although there are many“opposite standpoints”in their curriculum views,there are also some similarities in their ideas,such as advocating that education should serve the society,attaching importance to the positive role of experience,following certain scientific logic and emphasizing the personal practice of learning.

关 键 词：博比特 杜威 社会效率 社会民主 课程观 

分 类 号：G40[文化科学—教育学原理]