应用型高等教育的类型化建构:国际经验与本土探索  

Type-based Construction of Applied Higher Education:International Experience and Local Path

作　　者：崔乃文[1] Cui Naiwen

机构地区：[1]扬州大学教育科学学院,江苏扬州225002

出　　处：《江苏高教》2023年第11期79-89,共11页Jiangsu Higher Education

摘　　要：应用型高等教育何以被或未被建构为一种独立的教育类型?文章以结构功能论为分析范式,认为外部社会与经济结构对应用型高等教育的类型形态具有结构性的塑造作用。研究发现,德国和美国构成了应用型高等教育类型化建构的对立面,德国协调型市场经济的高技能模式、改进式创新风格及扁平的阶层结构,塑造了强大的应用型院校体系。美国自由型市场经济的技能替代模式、颠覆式创新偏好及陡峭的阶层结构,匹配了学术型与应用型相融合的一元分层体系,对独立的应用型院校缺少结构性需求。在演化态势上,德国和美国大致锁定在原始路径中,英国和日本则提供了重建应用型高等教育的两种可能,前者追求院校内部多样性,尝试在普通高校内部建立应用型人才培养体系;后者意图再造院校之间的多样性,复兴独立的应用型院校。中国产业经济存在较强的自由型市场特征,且“类型差异即等级差异”的观念根深蒂固,应用型院校的建构蓝图同产业经济模式与社会价值观念存在结构性冲突。探索机构内部多样性,在普通高等教育中形成一个强大有层次的应用型人才培养体系,或许是一条理想与现实、内部与外部于调适中渐成匹配态势的稳健之路。Why has applied higher education been or has not been constructed as an independent type of education?This paper tries to put forward an analytical framework of structural function theory to explain the different choices of different countries in dealing with applied higher education.The study found that Germany and the United States constitute the two poles of the construction of applied higher education type.Germany's high-skill model,improved innovation style and flat hierarchical structure of the coordinated market economy have shaped an independent and powerful applied college system.The skill substitution model,subversive innovation preference and steep hierarchical structure of the free market economy in the United States match a unified hierarchical system that integrates academic and applied types,and there is no structural demand for independent applied colleges.Therefore,the essence of rebuilding an independent application-oriented college system in the strong potential of homogenization of higher education is the ultimate leap from the Anglo-American system to the European system,and it needs the drive and matching of external structural changes.At present,China's industrial economy is characterized by a strong free market,and the growth of application-oriented colleges and universities is facing the structural problems of industrial economic transformation.However,the social value of"type difference is grade difference"is difficult to reverse,so the type construction itself cannot bring about the improvement of social recognition of application-oriented higher education.Therefore,exploring the path of"internal diversity of institutions"and trying to establish a strong and hierarchical talent training system within the general higher education system,may better match the unique form of China's industrial economy.

关 键 词：应用型院校 类型化建构 高等教育体系 产业经济结构 

分 类 号：G647[文化科学—高等教育学]