宝墩文化早期的农业实践——来自大邑高山古城遗址的植物遗存证据  

Agricultural practices of the early Baodun Culture:From the perspective of the plant remains at Gaoshan site in Dayi County,Sichuan Province

作　　者：王潇滨 刘祥宇 闫雪 姜铭 周志清 陈剑 靳桂云[1] WANG Xiaobin;LIU Xiangyu;YAN Xue;JIANG Ming;ZHOU Zhiqing;CHEN Jian;JIN Guiyun(Institute of Cultural Heritage,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,Shandong;Chengdu Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Chengdu 610015,Sichuan)

机构地区：[1]山东大学文化遗产研究院,山东青岛266237 [2]成都文物考古研究院,四川成都610015

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第5期1429-1443,共15页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“基于环境与农业的鲁北地区龙山文化人地关系研究”(批准号:41771230);国家重点研发计划项目“中华文明起源进程中的生业、资源与技术研究”(批准号:2020YFC1521606)共同资助。

摘　　要：宝墩文化(4500~3700 a B. P.)是成都平原史前农业转型的关键阶段。成都市大邑县高山古城遗址(30°27′09.5″N, 103°34′46.3″E)主体遗存属于宝墩文化早期,部分遗存早于宝墩文化,是成都平原重要的史前遗址。本研究对该遗址2015~2017年发掘时采集的106份浮选土样(来自75个灰坑、 10个灰沟和21个地层)和111份植硅体土样(来自76个灰坑、 13个灰沟和22个地层)进行了分析,鉴定出6233粒炭化植物种子,包括稻、粟、黍、大豆等农作物,以及禾本科、豆科、蓼科、莎草科等非农作物;还有26种植硅体类型,它们分别来自稻、粟、黍这3种农作物和芦苇、竹亚科等非农作物。研究结果显示:1)农业种植和家畜饲养是高山古城聚落生业经济的主体,同时先民也采集利用一些野生动植物资源;2)高山古城遗址农作物的结构以稻为主,粟、黍次之,少量大豆;从早到晚,稻在农作物中的占比逐渐提高;作物加工的分析显示,发掘区的植物遗存多数来自作物加工的后期阶段,少数由前期加工产生,大部分植物遗存属于加工废弃物;3)对比高山古城与宝墩古城两个遗址的植物考古研究结果发现,成都平原史前时期农作物结构有明显的共性,都是以稻为主的、稻旱混作模式;但是,高山古城出土更多的旱作遗存可能与其地理位置有关,一方面是位于成都平原西北更容易受到甘青地区和川西北高原的影响,另一方面则是靠近山地更适合发展旱作农业;而高山古城遗址农作物多样性高于宝墩古城遗址,则可能与宝墩古城遗址的核心聚落地位有关。高山古城遗址植物遗存的分析结果为了解成都平原新石器时代晚期的农业提供了重要资料,对探索中国西南地区史前农业的发展及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义。The Baodun Culture(4500~3700 a B.P.)represents a critical phase in agricultural transformation within the Chengdu Plain.However,current knowledge about subsistence during this period relies primarily on the Baodun site,leaving a scarcity of supplementary materials.The Gaoshan site(30°27'09.5″N,103°34'46.3″E),situated in Dayi County,Chengdu City,is a significant prehistoric site in the Chengdu Plain.The primary remains found at the site date back to the Baodun culture period,while some of the remains predate this period.In this paper,106 flotation samples(from 75 pits,10 ditches,and 21 cultural layers)and 111 phytolith samples(from 76 pits,13 ditches,and 22 cultural layers)collected during excavations at the site from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed,and 6233 carbonized seeds were identified,including crops such as rice(Oryza sativa L.),foxtail millet(Setaria italic L.),common millet(Panicum miliaceum L.),and soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.),with non-crops such as Gramineae,Fabaceae,Polygonaceae,and Salicaceae;and 26 phytolith types including three crops rice,foxtail millet,common millet and non-crops such as reed and bamboo subfamily.The results reveal that:(1)Subsistence at the Gaoshan site during the late Neolithic was based on crop cultivation and pig rearing,with gathering and hunting providing supplementary resources.(2)The crop structure at the Gaoshan site predominantly featured rice,followed by foxtail millet and common millet,with a small quantity of soybeans.The proportion of rice within the crops increased gradually from phaseⅠtoⅣ.Analysis of crop processing demonstrates that the majority of these plant remains originated from the later stages of crop processing,with a few deriving from earlier processing,and most plant remains being processing by-products.(3)A comparison of archaeobotanical research results from the Gaoshan and Baodun sites reveals that the prehistoric crop structure in the Chengdu Plain was primarily based on a rice-centric mixed crop pattern.The larger quantity of dry crop remains

关 键 词：成都平原 宝墩文化 高山古城遗址 农业 作物加工 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q914.22[历史地理—历史学]