杂交水稻机械收获减少稻谷产量损失度的关键技术研究  

Research on Key Techniques of Mechanical Harvesting of Hybrid Rice to Reduce Rice Yield Loss

作　　者：徐富贤[1] 高尚卿 孔晓谦 徐魏 伍燕翔 徐麟 魏林 肖鹏飞 佘恒志 陈凯 龚飞 蒋鹏[1] 张林[1] 郭晓艺[1] 刘茂[1] XU Fuxian;GAO Shangqing;KONG Xiaoqian;XU Wei;WU Yanxiang;XU Lin;WEI Lin;XIAO Pengfei;SHE Hengzhi;CHEN Kai;GONG Fei;JIANG Peng;ZHANG Lin;GUO Xiaoyi;LIU Mao(Rice and Sorghum Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Deyang,Sichuan 618000,China;Luxian Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Luxian,Sichuan 646100,China;Fushun Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Fushun,Sichuan 643200,China;Cuiping District Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Yibin City,Yibin,Sichuan 644000,China;Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Longchang County,Longchang,Sichuan 642150,China;Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Zitong County,Zitong,Sichuan 622150,China)

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所/农业农村部西南水稻生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川德阳618000 [2]泸县农业农村局,四川泸县646100 [3]富顺县农业农村局,四川富顺643200 [4]宜宾市翠屏区农业农村局,四川宜宾644000 [5]隆昌市农业农村局,四川隆昌642150 [6]梓潼县农业农村局,四川梓潼622150

出　　处：《中国稻米》2023年第6期99-102,113,共5页China Rice

基　　金：四川省科技计划项目(2022ZDZX0016);德阳市科技计划项目(2021NZ040);四川省财政自主创新专项(2022ZZCX072);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01)。

摘　　要：为了降低机收水稻的产量损失,2019—2022年以杂交中稻品种川优6203、内6优1787、内6优107、天优华占为材料,分别设置施氮方式、机收前植株湿润状态、收割株高、排风力度等处理对机收稻谷损失率的影响试验,并利用集成的机收减损技术进行多点大区比较示范。结果表明,底肥∶穗肥∶粒肥=6∶2∶2施氮方式的稻谷损失率仅2.51%,显著低于底肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2、底肥∶蘖肥=7∶3这两种施氮方式。机收前每hm^(2)喷清水1500 kg和3000 kg,机收时稻谷损失率分别高达9.30%和16.39%,均显著高于不喷清水的处理(5.17%)。无论何种品种,水稻机收割茎处距穗顶长度80 cm左右时稻谷损失率最低。低风力与传统人力半自动收割这两种收割方式间稻谷产量差异不显著,均比中、高风力收割方式显著增产。集成以上最佳试验处理为核心的机收减损技术大区对比示范,平均稻谷损失量仅208.5 kg/hm^(2),比大面积现有机收技术减少稻谷损失367.5 kg/hm^(2),减损效果显著。The hybrid medium rice varieties Chuanyou 6203,nei6you 1787,nei6you 107 and Tianyouhuazhan were used as materials in 2019—2022 to study the effects of nitrogen application methods,plant wetting before machine harvest,harvested plant height and air exhaust strength on the yield loss rate of machine harvested rice in order to reduce the yield loss of machine harvested rice,and integrate the machine harvest loss reduction technology for multi-point and large-area comparative demonstration.The results showed that the rice loss rate of“base fertilizer∶ear fertilizer∶grain fertilizer=6∶2∶2”was only 2.51%,significantly lower than those of“base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer∶ear fertilizer=5∶3∶2”and“base fertilizer∶tiller fertilizer=7∶3”.Spraying 1500 kg and 3000 kg of clean water per hm^(2)resulted in a loss rates of 9.30%and 16.39%respectively,which was significantly higher than without spraying clean water treatment(5.17%).No matter what kind of rice varieties,the rice loss rate was the lowest when the length from the cutting stem to the spike top is about 80 cm.The rice yield were no significant difference between the low wind and the traditional manual semi-automatic harvesting,both of which were significantly higher than the medium and high wind harvest.The regional comparison and demonstration of the integrated machine harvesting loss reduction technology with the above best experimental treatment as the core shows that the average rice loss is only 208.5 kg/hm^(2),which reduces the rice loss by 367.5 kg/hm^(2)compared with the existing machine harvesting technology in a large area,and the loss reduction effect is remarkable.

关 键 词：杂交水稻 机械收割 施氮方式 湿度 株高 行走速度 排风力 稻谷损失率 

分 类 号：S511.09[农业科学—作物学]