元丰明堂祭天改制与王安石的天人之道  

The Reform of Yuanfeng Mingtang Sacrifice to Heaven and Wang Anshi's Way of Heaven and Humanity

作　　者：孙逸超 SUN Yi-chao

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院

出　　处：《北京社会科学》2023年第11期58-69,共12页Social Sciences of Beijing

摘　　要：《开元礼》以后,郑玄学说支配下的圜丘、祈谷、明堂三大祭天礼的差异性逐渐消除,转变为了对象一致的一岁四祭天。后随着祭祀对象中的感生帝、五方帝日益失去现实基础,北宋中期圜丘、明堂礼制的重构为赵氏家族的帝位继承提供了新的礼制基础。熙宁以前的明堂配帝之争已使得皇考而非受命祖得以配天,王安石从“道”的层面以“天道”“人道”区分和重构了祭天结构,圜丘效法天道自然生物,明堂基于人道人为成物。元丰郊庙改制采纳了王安石的天人学说框架,明堂只祭昊天上帝,配帝用皇考,祭器逐项改用宗庙之制,使得昊天上帝作为皇室家族的一员,君主世代得以配天。圜丘象征皇权公天下的受命,明堂则强化了天命对赵氏家族世代继承帝位的认可,取代郑玄学说和《大唐开元礼》成了祭天礼制史上的转折点。After Kaiyuan Rites,the differences in the three major sacrificial ceremonies of Yuanqiu,Qigu,and Mingtang under the control of Zheng Xuan gradually disappeared,and they transformed into a one year four sacrificial ceremony with the same object.Later,as the sacrificial objects of Gansheng God and Wufang God gradually lost their practical foundation,the reconstruction of the ritual systems of Yuanqiu and Mingtang in the mid Northern Song Dynasty provided a new basis for the inheritance of Zhao family's throne.The struggle on Mingtang before Xining has led to emperor's father rather than mandated ancestor to accompany with heaven.Wang Anshi distinguished and reconstructed the structure of offering sacrifices to the heavens from the perspective of“Dao”,using Way of Heaven and Humanity.Yuanqiu imitated natural creatures of the Heavenly Dao,while Mingtang was based on human artifacts.The restructuring of Yuanfeng suburban temple adopted Wang Anshi's theory framework of heaven and man.The Mingtang only worshipped Haotian God,accompanied by the emperor's father,and the sacrificial vessels were gradually changed to the system of ancestral temples,which makes Haotian God a member of the royal family,accompanies the God with generations of monarchs.Yuanqiu symbolizes the imperial power and the mandate of the whole world,while Mingtang strengthened the recognition of Zhao family's succession to the throne by the Heavenly Order,replacing Zheng Xuan's theory and Kaiyuan Rites as a turning point in the history of sacrificial rites.

关 键 词：祭天 明堂 天人之道 元丰礼制 王安石 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]