英美法中辅助证明政策规则正当性理论的演进——兼评对我国行政诉讼的启示  

Evolution of the Legitimacy Theory of the Rules of Auxiliary Probative Policy in the Anglo-American Evidence Law and Its Implications for the Chinese Administrative Litigation

作　　者：徐庭祥 Xu Tingxiang

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学刑事侦查学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2023年第6期164-180,共17页Global Law Review

基　　金：2023年度重庆市教委人文社会科学研究项目“行政法典编纂视野下证据制度编订研究”(23SKGH021)的研究成果。

摘　　要：辅助证明政策规则集中体现了英美证据法的特殊性,其选择将有一定证明价值的不可靠证据予以排除,而不是允许不可靠证据进入庭审后由裁判者确定其证明力。英美证据法学自边沁以降,一直存在自由证明原则与辅助证明政策规则的角力——鉴于自由证明原则的巨大影响,必须为作为例外的辅助证明政策规则提供充分的正当性理由,才能证立其对自由证明原则的违背。由于传统通说的陪审团控制理论存在缺陷,英美证据法学不断尝试提出新的正当性理论。最佳证据理论、最差证据理论等新理论揭示了辅助证明政策规则在整个诉讼过程中能发挥促进更充分获取信息、协调多元主体行动、保障更准确认定事实的多元功能。我国行政诉讼不能将不可靠证据排除规则正当性的多维研究坍缩为个别不可靠证据证明价值大小的研究,而是要从整体诉讼过程的视野中去考量行政诉讼不可靠证据排除规则的正当性。The rules of auxiliary probative policy embody in a concentrated way the particularity of the Anglo-American evidence law.They choose to exclude unreliable evidence that has certain probative value,rather than allowing it to enter the trial and having the fact judge comprehensively consider its probative capability.But this inevitably raises the question of whether excluding evidence of certain probative value actually reduces the possibility of discovering the truth.Thus,there are two long-standing competing normative orientations toward unreliable evidence:establishing an exclusionary rule to strictly exclude its evidentiary capability and letting the judiciary comprehensively consider its probative capability.Since Jeremy Bentham,there has been a struggle between the principle of free proof and the rules of auxiliary probative policy in the Anglo-American evidence jurisprudence.Therefore,the legitimacy theory of the rules of auxiliary probative policy is an important part of the Anglo-American evidence jurisprudence.The traditional general theory of the legitimacy of the rules of auxiliary probative policy is the jury control principle,according to which evidence law is designed to improve the accuracy of fact-finding by preventing lay jurors from making inappropriate inferences from certain questionable forms of evidence.However,the jury control principle has flaws and British and American scholars have criticized it from three aspects:epistemology,explanatory power and institutional history,and constantly tried to propose new legitimacy theories.New legitimacy theories such as the best evidence principle and the worst evidence principle reveal the multiple functions of the rules of auxiliary probative policy,such as promoting more adequate access to information,coordinating the actions of multiple subjects,and ensuring more accurate identification of facts.They break through the limitation of the perspective of the jury control principle,which only demonstrates the legitimacy of the rules of auxiliary probat

关 键 词：辅助证明政策规则 不可靠证据排除规则 陪审团控制理论 最佳证据理论 新证据学 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学] D925.3[政治法律—法学]