论“如果说”的认知假设功能  

Ruguoshuo (如果说) as a Marker of Cognitive Assumption

作　　者：张新华[1] ZHANG Xinhua

机构地区：[1]复旦大学中文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第6期885-899,共15页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“非单调推理视域的汉语指类句研究”(21BYY033)资助。

摘　　要：“如果说”指对低阶事实做高阶认定这个认知行为的假设,前件选择不确定性的事件。这种不确定性的根据并非时制上的限定,而是语义结构上的随附性。从全句看,“如果说”表示主观推理,后件基于前件的主观认定逻辑而引出对另一事件的判断。“如果说”句的语力性强,句法层面高于“如果”句。“姑且认定”义促成“如果说”的修辞效应,表示礼貌、增强论证或指本体存在条件,并具有话题标记功能。The nature of ruguoshuo has been explored in the literature from the factual,assertive,and cognitive perspectives.This paper aligns with the cognitive perspective,treating the expression as a marker of cognitive assumption,and expands the existing cognitive analysis in three ways.Firstly,the paper defines the cognitive assumption of ruguoshuo as “tentative judgement” and identifies three dimensions encoded in its meaning,i.e.,assumption,cognition,and expression.The ruguoshuo-conditional represents subjective reasoning,whereas the consequent makes a judgment about an event e' based on the judgment made by the antecedent about an event e.The illocutionary force of ruguoshuo is stronger than ruguo,and accordingly ruguoshuo occupies a higher syntactic position.More precisely,the antecedent of ruguo functions as a subordinate clause,embedded at a lower syntactic level,whereas the antecedent of ruguoshuo functions as a co-subordination clause,closer to juxtaposition.Secondly,the meaning of “tentative judgement” is analyzed as a dual-layer semantic structure.It assigns a lower-order physical fact α a higher-order category β,which encodes the features of supervenience,evaluation,and indeterminacy.This semantic indeterminacy is not based on tense of finiteness,but on the inability to make an exact judgment about objective facts.For example,when referring to a “stool” made up of legs and a surface,there is room for the tentative judgement of “let's call this thing you made a stool”.Therefore,conditional statements with ruguoshuo exclude events that can be determined without any doubt,contrary to the factual and assertive statements.Lastly,the paper highlights the rhetorical effects of ruguoshuo,which include politeness,argumentation,and conditionals expressing ontological existence.The rhetorical and argumentative use of ruguoshuo is evident when the speaker intentionally presents the initially certain antecedent as “seemingly not true”.This strategic packaging of information transfers the authority t

关 键 词：“如果说” 认知假设 随附性 修辞效应 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]