我国马铃薯施肥现状与减肥潜力  

Current situation and reduction potential of potato fertilization in China

作　　者：王西亚 盛寅生 何萍[1] 徐新朋[1] 曲晓晶 周卫[1] WANG Xi-ya;SHENG Yin-sheng;HE Ping;XU Xin-peng;QU Xiao-jing;ZHOU Wei(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun,Jilin 130118,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]吉林农业大学资源与环境学院,吉林长春130118

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第11期2059-2070,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家马铃薯产业技术体系项目(CARS-09-P31);国家自然科学基金项目(32272822,31972515);内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0010)。

摘　　要：【目的】合理施肥是保证马铃薯高产优质的重要措施,厘清我国马铃薯主产区施肥现状,以提高马铃薯科学施肥水平,助力我国化肥减量增效。【方法】依托国家马铃薯产业技术体系,于2019—2021年期间在我国马铃薯主产区调查了1807个具有代表性的马铃薯种植地块,调查内容包括马铃薯产量、肥料种类、氮磷钾施用量和比例、施肥方法等信息。采用马铃薯养分专家推荐施肥系统,对不同区域的肥料减施潜力进行了评价。【结果】全国马铃薯年均氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))和钾(K_(2)O)肥料养分用量分别为252、219和224 kg/hm^(2),其中化肥投入量分别为187、164和175 kg/hm^(2),有机肥分别为65、56和48 kg/hm^(2),有机来源的N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O养分分别占总养分投入量的25.8%、25.6%和21.4%。复合肥是马铃薯生产中使用最多的肥料种类,化肥N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O养分中分别有84.6%、95.7%和92.8%来自复合肥。畜禽粪肥是最主要的有机肥源,占有机肥总量的82.9%。与马铃薯养分专家系统推荐肥料用量相比,全国肥料养分减施潜力为47.0%,其中华北一季作区N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O减施潜力分别为17.8%、54.8%、55.2%;东北一季作区P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O减施潜力分别为64.6%、46.9%;西北一季作区N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O减施潜力分别为17.3%、47.7%、21.5%;西南一二季混作区N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O减施潜力分别为7.4%、51.6%、18.3%;南方冬作区N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O减施潜力分别为31.1%、69.7%、61.2%。【结论】我国马铃薯肥料养分总用量普遍较高且施用比例不合理,有机肥养分所占比例偏低。采用马铃薯养分专家系统推荐施肥措施,可节约47.0%左右的肥料养分用量。【Objectives】Reasonable fertilization is required for the high yield,quality and profit of potato production.We investigated the fertilization situation of the main potato production areas around China,and the localized potential of fertilizer reduction.【Methods】A total of 1807 potato fields in the main potato producing areas were surveyed during 2019−2021 in China.The questionnaire included potato yield,fertilizer sources and ratios of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilizers,and the frequency of basal dressing and topdressing.The fertilizer nutrient reduction potential was evaluated using the fertilizer recommendation rate produced by Nutrient Expert(NE)system.【Results】On average across China,the annual total N,P_(2)O_(5)and K_(2)O input for potato was 252,219,and 224 kg/hm^(2),respectively.N 187 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)164 kg/hm^(2)and K_(2)O 175 kg/hm^(2)were from chemical fertilizer,and the left from organic fertilizer.The organic nutrients accounted for 25.8%,25.6%,and 21.4%of the total N,P_(2)O_(5)and K_(2)O inputs.Compound fertilizer was the main chemical fertilizer source in the surveyed potato fields,supplied 84.6%,95.7%and 92.8%of chemical N,P_(2)O_(5)and K_(2)O nutrients.And 82.9%of organic fertilizer was from livestock and poultry manure.Compared with the fertilizer rate recommended by NE system,the fertilizer nutrient reduction potential across China was about 47.0%,of which the N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O reduction potential in the monocropping area of North China were 17.8%,54.8%,and 55.2%;the P_(2)O_(5)and K_(2)O reduction potential in the monocropping area of Northeast China were 64.6%,and 46.9%,respectively;the N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O reduction potential in the monocropping area of Northwest China were 17.3%,47.7%,and 21.5%,respectively.The reduction potential of N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O were 7.4%,51.6%,and 18.3%in the mono/two cropping area of Southwest China,and 31.1%,69.7%,and 61.2%in winter season area of South China,respectively.【Conclusions】The nutrient inputs in potat

关 键 词：马铃薯 施肥现状 化肥 有机肥 减施潜力 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学]