先验信息对足球守门员动作预测表现的影响及关键时间点  

The Temporal Dynamics of the Effect of a Priori Information on Action Anticipation in Soccer Goalkeepers

作　　者：姬庆春 周成林 JI Qingchun;ZHOU Chenglin(Department of Physical Education,Shanghai University of Engineering Science,Shanghai 201620;School of Psychology,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438)

机构地区：[1]上海工程技术大学体育教学部,上海201620 [2]上海体育大学心理学院,上海200438

出　　处：《成都体育学院学报》2023年第5期92-98,共7页Journal of Chengdu Sport University

摘　　要：目的:考察先验信息(对手动作偏好信息)对守门员动作预测表现的影响及其影响的关键时间点。方法:选取20名高水平足球守门员(专家组)以及24名普通大学生(对照组)作为研究对象,要求以守门员的视角,在干预前后预测点球的方向。干预阶段,每组一半被试通过练习获知点球球员射门时对某一个方向有强烈的偏好;另一半被试获知球员射门时对任一方向均无偏好。点球视频采用时间阻断技术,根据呈现信息量的多少,分为多、中、少3种条件。结果:对照组在先验信息与当前信息不符时,均表现为预测成绩下降(P≤0.007),而专家组无此差异;进一步分析了专家组在不同信息量条件下的效应,发现其在当前信息量最少时,由干预阶段获得的先验信息能够显著促进专家组的动作预测正确率(P=0.001),信息量中等或最多时,先验信息无此作用。结论:先验信息影响了守门员的动作预测表现,但仅发生在当前信息量较少的情况下,而对照组无论信息量多少,都更依赖于先验信息进行预测。Objective:To examine whether and when a priori information(opponent's action preference)would influence goalkeepers'anticipatory performance and the critical time points.Methods:Twenty soccer goalkeepers(experts)and twenty-four college students(controls)were recruited for the study.They were required to predict the direction of penalty kicks before and after a training intervention from the perspective of goalkeepers.During the training phase,half of the participants in each group were provided a priori information that the kicker had a strong preference to kick to one particular direction,while the other half viewed kickers who kicked equally to all directions.Using the temporal occlusion paradigm,the video materials were occluded at three-time points relative to ball release.Results:The results showed that exposure to incongruent a priori information with the kinematic information of kickers significantly decreased performance only in the controls(P≤0.007).It was further found that a priori information acquired in the training intervention could significantly improve the anticipatory performance for experts in the earliest occlusion condition(P=0.001),but not in the moderate and latest conditions.Conclusion:These findings provide further evidence of the influence of a priori information on action anticipation in goalkeepers and suggest its occurrence in the earliest course of a kicker's unfolding action(100 ms prior to foot-ball-contact),while controls depend more on a priori information regardless of the amount of kinematic information.The results enrich the theoretical research of expert advantage and provide some enlightenment for sports practice.

关 键 词：足球守门员 动作预测 先验信息 当前信息 时间阻断 

分 类 号：G843[文化科学—体育训练]