未决羁押的合理期限及其法律规制  

The Reasonable Period of Pre-trial Detention and Its Legal Regulations

作　　者：孙长永 Sun Changyong

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《交大法学》2024年第1期5-28,共24页SJTU Law Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“认罪认罚从宽制度实施问题研究”(项目编号:19AFX009)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：现代国家一致要求未决羁押不得超过“合理期限”;国际社会关于什么是未决羁押的“合理期限”的判断标准已经达成共识。两大法系国家不仅在立法上以不同方式对未决羁押期限做出了明确的规定,而且建立并实施了未决羁押期限的常态化审查机制,这一机制主要体现为羁押权力司法化、羁押理由个别化、羁押程序正当化三项具体原则。相比之下,我国未决羁押期限及其延长制度设计基本上被侦查、调查等追诉利益所左右,在司法实践中存在两大突出问题:一是未决羁押期限过长,恣意羁押和非法羁押的情形长期存在;二是缺乏一个中立的司法机关对羁押决定进行司法授权、司法审查和司法救济,被羁押人对于恣意羁押和非法羁押缺乏有效救济途径。存在这些问题的根本原因在于,对未决羁押期限在法律制度上缺乏系统的有效规制。要实现我国未决羁押期限的合理化,从长远角度看,需要在未决羁押制度乃至整个刑事司法制度现代化过程中推动羁押期限的制度性变革;从近期看,需要进一步完善羁押审查机制和相关配套措施。Modern countries unanimously demand that pre-trial detention should not exceed a“reasonable period”,and the international community has reached a consensus on the criteria for determining what a“reasonable period”of pre-trial detention is.The two major legal system countries not only have made clear regulations on the duration of pre-trial detention in different ways of legislation,but also have established and implemented a normalized review mechanism for the duration of pre-trial detention.This mechanism is mainly reflected in three specific principles:the judicialization of detention power,the individualization of detention reasons,and the legitimacy of detention procedures.In contrast,the design of China's pre-trial detention period and its extension system is basically influenced by the interests of investigation and prosecution,and there are two prominent problems in judicialpractice:first,the pre-trial detention period is too long,and there are long-term situations of arbitrary and illegal detention;second,there is no neutral judicial authority for authorization,review,and relief of detention decisions,and detainees have no effective remedies for arbitrary and illegal detention.The fundamental reason for these problems is the lack of systematic and effective regulations on the duration of pre-trial detention in the legal system.To achieve the rationalization of pre-trial detention period in China,from a long-term perspective,it is necessary to promote institutional changes in the detention period in the modernization process of the pre-trial detention system and even the entire criminal justice system;in the near future,it is necessary to further improve the detention review mechanism and related supporting measures.

关 键 词：未决羁押 羁押期限 合理性 比例原则 司法审查 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]