犹太人问题与自由民主政体——基于斯宾诺莎《神学政治论》的考察  

The Jewish Question and Liberal Democratic Government--Based on the Investigation on A Theologico-Political Treatise by Spinoza

作　　者：吴言生[1] 马兰花[2] Wu Yansheng;Ma Lanhua

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学文学院,西安710119 [2]陕西师范大学,西安710119

出　　处：《延边大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期21-28,142,共9页Journal of Yanbian University：Social Science Edition

摘　　要：犹太人问题由来已久,但第一次提出该问题的当属斯宾诺莎。在斯宾诺莎的时代,尼德兰沦为帝国主义势力的角逐场。结合这一时代问题与历史问题,斯宾诺莎在《神学政治论》中对于好的政体,即自由民主政体有着细致的描述与刻画。透过自由民主政体的表象深入斯宾诺莎建构理论的逻辑基地显得尤为重要。首先,斯宾诺莎在《神学政治论》中运用历史主义和文献研读的方法,重构诸多概念,让神学与哲学、教法与世俗法分道扬镳,粉碎了犹太教固有的“永久选民”的优越感。其次,在《神学政治论》中,斯宾诺莎从人性观与自由观两个角度对犹太民族的民族基础予以重击。最后,斯宾诺莎在重构神学、重解犹太民族的基础上,建立自由民主政体。打碎之后建立的自由民主政体,作为后事之师不难发现其解决问题效力匮乏。在巴以冲突的当下,如何解决犹太人问题这一历史悠长的时代难题,也亟须学术界作出更多的研究与贡献。It was Spinoza who first raised the Jewish question.In Spinoza’s times,the Netherlands had become a battleground for imperialist powers.Spinoza made a detailed description of the good government,i.e.the liberal democratic government in A Theologico-Political Treatise.It is of great importance to explore the logical base of Spinoza’s theory construction through the liberal democracy.First of all,Spinoza applied historicism and documents reading to the reconstruction of concepts,separated theology from philosophy and religious laws from secular rules,and shattered the inherent superiority of the“permanent voter”of Judaism.Secondly,in A Theologico-Political Treatise,Spinoza lashed out at the national foundation of the Jewish nation from the perspectives of human nature and freedom.Finally,Spinoza established liberal democracy on the basis of reconstructing theology and reinterpreting the Jewish nation.As the liberal democracy was established after the collapse,it is difficult to find out its effectiveness in problem-solving.Facing the present Palestinian-Israeli conflict,the academic circle is urgently required to contribute more to the resolution of centuries-old conflict of the Jewish people.

关 键 词：犹太人问题 斯宾诺莎 《神学政治论》 民主政体 

分 类 号：B563.1[哲学宗教—外国哲学]