近世日本的排佛融儒:以丧、祭礼为视角  

“Expelling Buddhism and Incorporating Confucianism” in Early Modern Japan:A Focus on Shintō Funerals

作　　者：谭甜甜 TAN Tian-tian(Department of Japanese Studies,the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,999077)

机构地区：[1]香港中文大学日本研究学系,中国香港999077

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第6期37-45,共9页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

摘　　要：近世日本深受儒教影响。在该时期,朱熹《家礼》中的丧、祭二礼尤为受到有识之士的关注,并拥有广泛的研究基础和深入的实践基础。然而,在寺请制度下,佛寺垄断了与民众生活息息相关的丧祭事务。为了摆脱佛寺的控制,神道群体吸收并挪用儒学知识,从而构建起了系统化的神道葬祭礼仪。在该过程中,早期的吉田流葬祭仍然保留了一定的佛教元素,然而,自吉川神道与垂加神道的开创者吉川惟足、山崎暗斋开始,他们将注意力转向儒学知识,并在参考儒礼的基础上实践丧、祭礼,显示了排佛融儒的学问倾向。不仅如此,为了凸显神葬祭的纯粹性与历史延续性,垂加神道的后继者与国学神道者或将儒式神主改造成神道式灵玺,或引述神代卷来解释儒礼做法,试图抹除儒礼元素,以此“复兴”古神道之法,从而走向了儒礼的“神道化”。这也是近世神道群体在丧祭层面自主意识的显著体现。最终,神道群体的自主意识酿成了幕末神葬祭运动,而儒学知识充当了排除佛教并实现神道自立的有力工具。Edo Japan(also Tokugawa Japan,1603-1868)was significantly influenced by Confucianism.During this time,the funeral and sacrificial rites outlined in ZHU Xi’s Family Rituals garnered intellectuals’attention,and formed the basis for extensive research and practices.However,under the temple registration system,Buddhist temples monopolized funeral and sacrificial matters tied to Japanese people’s lives.To break free from this control,Shintōgroups absorbed and adapted Confucian knowledge,constructing systematic Shintōfunerals and sacrificial rituals.Early Yoshida school rituals retained some Buddhist influence,but pioneers like Yoshida Koretari and Yamazaki Ansai shifted focus to Confucian knowledge.They practiced funeral and sacrificial rituals based on Confucian rites,indicating a synthesis of Confucianism and rejection of Buddhism.To emphasize the purity and historical continuity of Shintōrituals,successors adapted Confucian-style spirit tablets to Shintōstyles;or explained Confucian rituals by referring to Japanese classics,aiming to eliminate Confucian elements and revitalize ancient Japanese way of funerals or Shintōfunerals—leading to the“Shintōization”of Confucian rites.Ultimately,the autonomy of the Shintōgroups gave rise to the Shintōfuneral movement in the late Edo period,becoming a source of movement of“abolishing Buddhism and destroying temples”in the early Meiji period.Confucian knowledge played a crucial role as a tool in constructing Shintōfunerals.

关 键 词：江户时代 神葬祭 《家礼》 三礼 神道化 寺请制度 

分 类 号：B1[哲学宗教—世界哲学] K3[历史地理—历史学]